A medieval association of craftsmen or merchants, often having considerable power.an association of people for mutual aid or the pursuit of a common goal.
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many civilizations have flourished and then failed or fallen apart. there are many reasons for this, but many historians point to three patterns in the fall of civilizations: internal change, external pressure, and environmental collapse. the fall of civilizations is never the result of a single event or pattern.
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Realist and Liberal perspectives would agree that the international system is inherently anarchic
The notion that there is no supreme authority or sovereign in the world is known as anarchy in the study of international relations. There is no hierarchically superior, coercive authority that can settle conflicts, uphold the law, or regulate the system of international politics in an anarchic state. It is commonly acknowledged that anarchy serves as the foundation for international relations theory.
It is feasible for ordered ties between nations to be maintained in an anarchic international system, contrary to how anarchy is typically understood in the field of international relations. For the realist, liberal, neo- realist, and neo- liberal models of international relations, anarchy provides the underpinnings.
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The British raised men and money from India, as well as large supplies of food, cash, and ammunition, collected by British taxation policies. In return, the British promised to award self-rule to India at the end of the war
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