-Surface area to volume ratio. (surface area / volume)
-Nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio.
-Fragility of cell membrane.
-Mechanical structures necessary to hold the cell together (and the contents of the cell in place)
Answer:
Sensing danger and sweating
In complementary base pairing, the G pairs with C, and A pairs with T. Given that this be the rule, the complementary nucleotides for your sequence would be as follows: CGATTAACGTAGGCA.
With regards to proofreading, mutations in cell division occur once in around every 100,000 base pairs. If this happens, the enzyme that pairs the nucleotides to form DNA, called DNA polymerase, detects the error and moves back along the strand, it then cuts the incorrect nucleotide and replaces it with the correct one, fixing the error and continuing with the DNA synthesis.
This process corrects the majority of errors in DNA synthesis, but some errors can still be missed by the DNA polymerase, this is then rectified by a protein complex which binds to the incorrect pairing until anther complex, comes along and cuts that particular section of DNA out, which is then replaced by a new section of correct nucleotides synthesized by the polymerase enzyme, the two sections at either end that were cut is then sealed by ligase, an enzyme which essentially "glues" the DNA stands back together.
My apologies for the long answer, I hope I answered your question and that you understand it well enough.
Answer:
Elastic collisions are collisions in which both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved. The total system kinetic energy before the collision equals the total system kinetic energy after the collision. In the collision between the two cars, total system momentum is conserved.
For number 3, Queen Victoria's children and Queen Elizabeth II's descendants are Edward VII, George V, George VI
for number 4, the descendants of Philip of Greece are Alice, Victoria of Hesse, Alice of battenburg
