Answer:Specialized cells perform specialized functions in multicellular organisms. Groups of specialized cells cooperate to form a tissue, such as a muscle.
Explanation:
They do, but very slowly. Mostly when growing or wind is hitting it.
Answer:
The correct answer is: geography and UV radiation.
Explanation:
Skin variation occurred thanks to evolution, and was driven as a consequence of the geographical location of different populations of humans.
The humans that lived in hot and sunny places, closer to the equator, where much more exposed to the sun's ultraviolet radiation. In order to survive the amount of UV lights that they were exposed to, new humans in those regions were being born with a darker skin tone, which was rich in melanin (a brown pigment that protects us from the sun radiation).
Contrary to these humans that lived in the tropical areas, the humans that populated the areas that were closer to the poles, developed much lighter skin as a result of lower amounts of melanin in their skin. Since sun exposure in the poles is very limited, humans needed to receive as much as they could for the production of Vitamin D, and thus, their skins got lighter and less protected.
Answer:
Somatic hypermutation is a process in which point mutations build up in the antibody V-regions of both the heavy and light chains.
This process occurs at rates that are about 106-fold higher than the background mutation rates observed in other genes.
It allows B cells to mutate the genes that they use to produce antibodies. This then ensures the B cells to produce antibodies that are better able to bind to bacteria, viruses and other infections.
Water is a unique molecule which contains inter-molecular forces like vandar wall's forces and hydrogen bonding that results in extremely strong bonding forces among water molecules.
Cohesion and adhesion are the properties of water which refer to the fact that water molecules are not only very strongly attracted to water molecules but also to other polar molecules of any type.
This is the cohesive nature of the water which makes water a water drop and it is the adhesive nature of water due to which water takes the shape and available space in a glass or jar of water .
How these properties are a result of bonding between atoms?
Cohesive properties:
- We are well aware of the fact that water is composed of one atom of oxygen and two atoms of Hydrogen.
- The two hydrogen atoms align themselves in such a way that oxygen is in middle of them. Due to great electronegativity difference Oxygen gets a partial negative charge while Hydrogen atoms get partial positive charges.
- Now one oxygen atom of one one water molecule attracts the partial positive charged hydrogen atom of another water molecule, and this attraction causes the bonding. This type of inter-molecular forces of atom gives water cohesive properties.
Adhesive properties:
- If we talk about adhesive properties through which water is attracted to other materials of polar nature, these adhesive properties are also due to same nature of bonding.
- Any polar compounds can easily get bonded with water due to polar nature of water molecules. You can see the attached figure for better understanding of bonding properties of water.
Hope it help!