Rough ER - protein synthesis, transport of proteins throughout the cell
Smooth ER - lipid synthesis and cell detoxification
Boyle's law states that the relationship between pressure and volume of a fixed amount of gas at a fixed temperature is inversely proportional. This means that the higher the pressure, the lower the volume, in a proportional relationship. Therefore, of the statements listed, b: 'the temperature and the number of molecules must remain constant for the law to apply' and d: 'a<span>s the pressure of a gas increases, the volume decreases proportionally</span>' are correct.
Eukaryotic cells have been confronted throughout their evolution with potentially lethal plasma membrane injuries, including those caused by osmotic stress, by infection from bacterial toxins and parasites, and by mechanical and ischemic stress. The wounded cell can survive if a rapid repair response is mounted that restores boundary integrity. Calcium has been identified as the key trigger to activate an effective membrane repair response that utilizes exocytosis and endocytosis to repair a membrane tear, or remove a membrane pore. We here review what is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms of membrane repair, with particular emphasis on the relevance of repair as it relates to disease pathologies. Collective evidence reveals membrane repair employs primitive yet robust molecular machinery, such as vesicle fusion and contractile rings, processes evolutionarily honed for simplicity and success. Yet to be fully understood is whether core membrane repair machinery exists in all cells, or whether evolutionary adaptation has resulted in multiple compensatory repair pathways that specialize in different tissues and cells within our body.
