I can't really see the 2nd or 3rd but the 1st is due to independence movements mainly
Indirect rule is a type of government in which existing political elites and institutions continue to rule in a country.
The sentence, 'Indirect rule sowed the seeds for class and ethic tension' means that, indirect rule was the root cause, the principal reason why class and ethnic tensions occurred. The indirect rule was the factor that brings about class and ethnic tension.
Georgetown was gentrified by all the little boutiques and shops that were rather out of place, on the main streets.
High rate of unemployment
A is the correct answer, Russia has subarctic climate zones.