Maximum Thrift is a method / philosophy that considers the shortest tree (in number of transformation steps) the best hypothesis about the phylogenetic relationship of a given set of terminals. Transformation step is the cost attributed to the change of character state in a given branch of the tree, be it the change from one nucleotide base to another, amino acids, or the color of an animal's iris. The fewer transformations, the shorter the tree, and therefore the more parsimonious. In this method, what programs do is to investigate as many alternative topologies as possible (or all if their array has less than 25 terminals; see more details below) given their character array. Each will be measured, and the shorter (optimal) trees will be retained as the most parsimonious result.
<span>The best way to avoid running aground
is to ensure that you have a good understanding of your environment. This can be
achieved by gaining familiarity with locations of shallow water and learning to
read a chart to determine one’s position and the level of water</span>
Answer:
<h2>Gold</h2>
Explanation:
Assume Gold trait =P ,
Purple= p,
Given:
Gold (P) is dominant over purple(p), so P is dominant over p.
If the bear is homozygous pp ( recessive) then bear will look purple,
If the bear is heterozygous Pp, then bear will look gold,
If the bear is homozygous DD( dominant), then the bear will look GOLD,
The correct answer is d: a
target cell's response is determined by the components of its signal transduction pathways.
The response of a cell to a hormone depends on the cell’s receptor and a signal transduction. When a peptide hormone binds to a receptor on the cell membrane, a second messenger is activated in the cytoplasm. The second messenger has a role of triggering signal transduction leading to the cellular response. Lots of different signal transduction processes (for example, different intracellular proteins) are used to coordinate the behaviour of target cells.
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