Answer:
Explanation:
Ibn Fadlan described his encounter with the Vikings in his work.
The travel writer notes the poor hygiene habits of the Vikings in his work. Still, he praises the fact that they comb their hair every day.
When it comes to their physical appearance, Ibn Faldan Vikinge describes this:
"I have never seen more beautiful people. They are like palm trees, light or reddish hair. They don't wear tunics and kaftan. "
He also says:
"Each of them has an ax, a sword or a knife. They never separate themselves from their weapons. Their swords are wide-edged, of Frankish type. "
The Arab travel writer, however, is most impressed by Viking funeral customs, which he describes in detail:
"They told me that they perform many ceremonies when their tribal leaders die, the last of which is cremation, so I wanted to know more about it. They finally brought me news that a prominent man among them had died. They laid him in his grave and covered him with a roof for ten days, until they cut and sewed all his robes. So, if the poor is dead, they make a boat, put a body in it and burn it. If a man is rich, they collect his things and divide them into three parts. One-third remain with family; the third part is made of clothing for him, the third part is made of mead, which is drunk on the day when a slave girl is killed and cremated with her master. They drink mead day and night. It often happens that one of them dies with a glass in his hand. "
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The word “oligarchy” and the concepts which it symbolizes originated in ancient Greece. In its basic use, the word identified one of the general forms of government recognized by the Greeks: that in which political government is conducted by a few persons or families. It was also used more narrowly, by Aristotle for example, to refer to the debased form of aristocracy, that is, to government by the few or by a faction. The term “oligarchy” was also used to refer to the small group of persons who enjoyed a monopoly of political control in oligarchic governments; the term usually had the added sense that the oligarchy ruled in its own rather than in the public interest. For Aristotle, classification of governments rested on two independent variables: the number of persons who ruled and the purposes served by their rule. Oligarchy was present when a few persons ruled for their own satisfaction.
Development of the concept. The original uses of the term were associated with particular social and political regimes and with intellectual modes of analyzing them. Typically, societies were small and traditional and rested on established classes, including a slave class. Within Greek cities citizenship status often identified a large but still minority class that could at least claim to participate in political decisions. Whatever the changes in political forms, this “upper class” was relatively stable by reason of property holding, authority relations with other classes, social position, and so on, and oligarchy could reasonably be expected to be succeeded by other known forms of government. Classical analysts found oligarchies to be endemic among ancient states, but they viewed them as unstable since they rested on military, economic, and leadership factors which were transitory as compared with the continuing forces which supported the relatively large upper classes in traditionalist societies.
In the modern view, these classical conceptions, including oligarchy and the ideas associated with it, are far too simple for effective analysis. Indeed, classical writing makes it clear that the conceptions based on the formal structure of governments were not adequate even then, in spite of the particular emphasis given to form. Greek analysts dealt with the phenomena of power, with the importance of procedures, and, of course, with the paramount role of values. These matters were merged with discussions of political form, but the elements were not clearly discriminated. The subtleties and complexities of Greek political thought do not appear to good advantage in this particular classificatory system.
Answer: precedent
Explanation:
a previous case decision that may be or must be followed in similar cases.
Answer:
Emperor Constantine the Great
During the reign of the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great (AD 306–337), Christianity began to transition to the dominant religion of the Roman Empire.
Explanation:
Answer:European nation had the largest colonial empire in Africa.
Explanation:
