Church
Ibn al-Athir was refering the Holy place as church or as God
A political machine is a political organization in which an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses (usually campaign workers), who receive rewards for their efforts.
Out of the choices given, the event that most directly resulted in expanded protections for the Civil Rights of African Americans in the South was the election of Ulysses S. Grant in 1868. The correct answer is A.