Portugal is the European Kingdom that led in European Exploration in the 15th Century in the age of discovering, exploration and mapping coasts of Africa, Canada, Asia and Africa. Under the leadership of Prince Henry the Navigator, Portugal took the role to search for a sea route to Asia by sailing south around Africa, and during this process, Portugal accumulated wealthy knowledge on the geography and navigation of the Atlantic ocean.
In the last decade, Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic Ocean and "discovered" a new continent while searching or a sea route to the Indies.
In 1498, Vasco da Gama led the first fleet around Africa to India.
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A major problem for the United States after the Revolutionary War (1775-1783) was that tens of thousands of Loyalists, due to the climate of violence and fear that still existed after the conflict (particularly in the South), fled the country, retreating with the British army to Britain and other parts of the British Empire (Jamaica, Bahamas, India) and also to Canada, settling primarily in the regions of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Since those Loyalists were often wealthy and educated, and they had been part of the thriving and cohesive upper class that controlled much of the industry and the commerce in areas such as New York or Boston, the social structure of the colonies changed significantly after their departure.