Genes in DNA or responsible for the traits an organism has. This is caused by Dominant and Recessive Traits. Remember that Genotypes are the genetic letters such as RR, Rr, and rr. Phenotype is physical traits.
Dominant Traits are more likely or always show in the offspring. The Dominant Genotype uses Capital letters such as RR.
Recessive Traits are less likely to show up. Their Genotype use lower case such as rr. Now genotypes of Rr have one dominant trait and one recessive trait. If the dominant trait was black fur and the recessive white fur, the offspring will be black fur because dominant traits overpower the other.
To understand how to know if an organism will have Dominant or Recessive Genes, you have to use something called a Punnet Square. Lets imagine 2 parents both have the genotype Rr. R is Black fur and r is white fur. As you can see from the chart, 3 of 4 boxes have Rr and 1 rr. Since there is a Dominant Trait with a Recessive, they will show a Dominant Phenotype, or Black fur. This has 3/4 chance and a 1/4 chance for white fur in the offspring.
| R. r
-----------------------------------
R | Rr. Rr
-----------------------------------
r | Rr. rr
The right answer is metaphase II.
The process is performed in two nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions, called first and second meiotic division or simply meiosis I and meiosis II. Both include prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. First division prophase is long and consists of 5 stages: leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, and diakinesis. It is at this point that genetic recombination takes place at the level of chiasmus.
During meiosis I, the members of each homologous pair of chromosomes are paired during prophase, forming bivalents. During this phase, a protein structure, called synaptonemal complex form, allows recombination between homologous chromosomes. Subsequently, a large condensation of the bivalent chromosomes occurs and go to the metaphase plate during the first metaphase, resulting in the migration of n chromosomes to each of the poles during the first anaphase. This reduction division is responsible for maintaining the number of chromosomes characteristic of each species.
In meiosis II, as in mitosis, the sister chromatids comprising each chromosome are separated and distributed between the nuclei of the daughter cells. Between these two successive steps, there is no DNA replication. The maturation of the daughter cells will result in the gametes.
Monosaccharides are simple sugar unit molecules, whereas polysaccharides are enormous, linking thousands of sugar units. Monosaccharides provide cells with short-term energy. Polysaccharides provide long-term energy storage and rigid structure to cell walls and exoskeletons of animals.
This membrane mimics the plasma membrane that is around animal cells. In order to explore how water moves in and out of a cell, one cell was weighed and then submerged in hypertonic solution. The other egg was weighted and submerged in hypotonic solution. It was predicted that the egg submerged in hypertonic solution would decrease in mass. It was predicted that the egg submerged in hypotonic solution would increase in mass.
Explanation:
The outermost covering of an animal cell is the plasma membrane. It is a selectively permeable membrane that allows only selective molecules to pass through it.
A solution having higher concentration of solute than the cell cytoplasm is called a hypertonic solution.
A solution having lower concentration of solute than the cell cytoplasm is called the hypotonic solution.
The movement of water molecules from the region of its higher concentration to the region of its lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane is called osmosis.
A cell placed in hypertonic solution will undergo exosmosis so it will lose water and its mass will decrease.
A cell placed in hypotonic solution will undergo endosmosis of water so it will gain water and its mass will increase.
D) ATP
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is known to be a complex organic compound that functions by providing energy to drive many biological processes in living cells. The building blocks of ATP is made up of Adenine, ribose sugar and three molecules of phosphate group. Furthermore, ATP is a molecular unit currency of intracellular energy transfer and large amount of energy is released during its hydrolysis.
