Answer
The various steps in the transcription and translation process of protein synthesis are described below.
Explanation:
Proteins (made up of amino acids) have an important role in the various functioning process of an organism. Protein synthesis which takes place in the cells of an organism consists of two major processes: transcription (DNA to RNA) and translation (RNA to protein).
Transcription: It is the first process in protein synthesis which occurs in the cell nucleus where a single-stranded messenger RNA (mRNA) is created using a DNA strand and the genetic instructions in DNA are transferred to this mRNA. The steps in transcription are initiation, elongation, and termination. The beginning process known as initiation occurs when an enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a promoter (region of a gene) and the DNA unwinds. One of the DNA strands acts as a template and the enzyme reads the bases in the template DNA strand.
The next step is elongation, where the RNA polymerase builds a strand of mRNA by the addition of nucleotides using complementary base pairs. Here, adenine (A) in the DNA binds to uracil (U) in the RNA. Termination is the last step in which the transcription process ends when the RNA polymerase comes across a termination sequence in the gene. Thus, the completed single-stranded mRNA detaches from DNA.
Translation: It is the second process in protein synthesis which occurs in the ribosome of the cell where the genetic information in mRNA is used to create a protein from amino acids. A triplet of nucleotides is called a codon and they define amino acids. There are 64 possible codons and the codon, AUG acts as the start codon which initiates translation in addition to specifying the amino acid methionine. In the initiation step, the first amino acid in the polypeptide chain is brought by transfer RNAs (tRNAs) to bind to the start codon of mRNA. During elongation, each type of tRNAs in the cytoplasm bound to a specific codon on the mRNA template and adds the corresponding amino acid to the polypeptide chain. Stop codons (UAA, UAG, or UGA) terminate protein synthesis and release the polypeptide.
Answer:
The correct statement is that some of the individuals are more predisposed to developing cancer when exposed to mutagens.
Explanation:
A single change or alternation or multiple variations within the genome of the living species is termed as a mutation, and the agent, which results in mutation is known as a mutagen. The products of tobacco are considered as mutagens. It is witnessed that some of the individuals who smoke develop cancer, while some do not. It is generally because some of the individuals are more predisposed to developing cancer when getting exposed to mutagens.
When an individual is more likely to develop cancer in his or her entire life because of certain genetic and other factors is termed as cancer predisposition. A genetic susceptibility also known as a genetic predisposition can be illustrated as the likelihood of developing a specific disease based on the individual's genetic makeup.
The individuals who develop cancer generally have family members who exhibited certain kinds of cancer and thus they have greater chances of getting the disease too. This is the reason that the predisposed individuals to cancer have a greater chance of developing cancer when they encounter mutagens and this is the prime reason to illustrate the fact that some of the users develop cancer, while others do not.
Answer:
It would be an ecosystem pretty sure
Explanation:
Answer:
phenotypic
Explanation:
Phenotypic bacterial identification relies on isolating the sample and observing for biochemical reactions, such as, the ability to ferment sugars and hydrolyze various substrates.
