A case study of the effects of mutation: Sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease with severe symptoms, including pain and anemia. The disease is caused by a mutated version of the gene that helps make hemoglobin — a protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells.
Primary sucession can occur in a cooled lava area because primary succesion needs to begin from hardened rock to even start life after a natural disater.
