<span>proton gradient</span> establishment
Chemiosmosis is the process that allows the diffusion of a
molecule or an atom through the membrane. Also, it is the movement of ions
across semipermeable membrane down their electrochemical gradients. In chloroplast,
chemiosmotic coupling is an important factor in ATP production through proton
gradient establishment.
Answer:
Cycads /ˈsaɪkædz/ are seed plants that typically have a stout and woody (ligneous) trunk with a crown of large, hard, stiff, evergreen and (usually) pinnate leaves. The species are dioecious, therefore the individual plants of a species are either male or female. Cycads vary in size from having trunks only a few centimeters to several meters tall. They typically grow very slowly[3] and live very long, with some specimens known to be as much as 1,000 years old.[citation needed] Because of their superficial resemblance, they are sometimes mistaken for palms or ferns, but they are not closely related to either group.
Cycads are gymnosperms (naked seeded), meaning their unfertilized seeds are open to the air to be directly fertilized by pollination, as contrasted with angiosperms, which have enclosed seeds with more complex fertilization arrangements. Cycads have very specialized pollinators, usually a specific species of beetle. Both male and female cycads bear cones (strobili), somewhat similar to conifer cones.
Cycads have been reported to fix nitrogen in association with various cyanobacteria living in the roots (the "coralloid" roots).[4] These photosynthetic bacteria produce a neurotoxin called BMAA that is found in the seeds of cycads. This neurotoxin may enter a human food chain as the cycad seeds may be eaten directly as a source of flour by humans or by wild or feral animals such as bats, and humans may eat these animals. It is hypothesized that this is a source of some neurological diseases in humans.[5][6]
Cycads all over the world are in decline, with four species on the brink of extinction and seven species having fewer than 100 plants left in the wild.[7] The plant has a very long fossil history, with evidence that they existed in greater abundance and in greater diversity before the Jurassic and late Triassic mass extinction events.
Explanation:
~Dr.Smiley~
(Jane)
More than 1 million atoms lined up side by side would equal the thickness of a book page. The modern atomic theory was proposed in 1803 by English chemist John Dalton. His premise is based on the fact that all elements are composed of atoms. An atom is defined as the smallest part of an element. It also keeps the identity of the element. Individual atoms are very small. Most elements in their pure form exist as individual atoms. Some elements are made up of groups of atoms.
Answer:B
Explanation:
WHEN WE RESPIRE THE CO2 EXCHANGES TO 02 IN THE ALEVOLI
Answer:
Just 1 that's why it is asexual and not sexual.
Explanation:
