In addition to federal income tax, many people also pay state income tax. <span>A federal income tax is a tax levied by the United States Internal Revenue Service on the annual earnings of all the types of</span> legal entities. Along with federal income tax, people have to pay state income tax which is supported with the same conditions but it refers to the state not to the whole government. Rates of payment to state income tax depends on rules established in a particular state.<span>
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TRANSLATED ANSWER :explain how the process of the earthen enclosures in England influenced the English revolutionary process during the seventeenth century : ANSWER : Enclosure (sometimes inclosure) was the legal process in England of consolidating (enclosing) small landholdings into larger farms.[1] Once enclosed, use of the land became restricted to the owner, and it ceased to be common land for communal use. In England and Wales the term is also used for the process that ended the ancient system of arable farming in open fields. Under enclosure, such land is fenced (enclosed) and deeded or entitled to one or more owners. The process of enclosure began to be a widespread feature of the English agricultural landscape during the 16th century. By the 19th century, unenclosed commons had become largely restricted to rough pasture in mountainous areas and to relatively small parts of the lowlands.
Enclosure could be accomplished by buying the ground rights and all common rights to accomplish exclusive rights of use, which increased the value of the land. The other method was by passing laws causing or forcing enclosure, such as Parliamentary enclosure involving an Inclosure Act. The latter process of enclosure was sometimes accompanied by force, resistance, and bloodshed, and remains among the most controversial areas of agricultural and economic history in England. Marxist and neo-Marxist historians argue that rich landowners used their control of state processes to appropriate public land for their private benefit.[2][better source needed] During the Georgian era, the process of enclosure created a landless working class that provided the labour required in the new industries developing in the north of England. For example: "In agriculture the years between 1760 and 1820 are the years of wholesale enclosure in which, in village after village, common rights are lost".[3] E. P. Thompson argues that "Enclosure (when all the sophistications are allowed for) was a plain enough case of class robbery."[4][5]
W. A. Armstrong, among others, argued that this is perhaps an oversimplification, that the better-off members of the European peasantry encouraged and participated actively in enclosure, seeking to end the perpetual poverty of subsistence farming. "We should be careful not to ascribe to [enclosure] developments that were the consequence of a much broader and more complex process of historical change."[6] "The impact of eighteenth and nineteenth century enclosure has been grossly exaggerated ..."[7][8]
Enclosure is considered one of the causes of the British Agricultural Revolution. Enclosed land was under control of the farmer who was free to adopt better farming practices. There was widespread agreement in contemporary accounts that profit making opportunities were better with enclosed land.[9] Following enclosure, crop yields increased while at the same time labour productivity increased enough to create a surplus of labour. The increased labour supply is considered one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution.[10] Marx argued in Capital that enclosure played a constitutive role in the revolutionary transformation of feudalism into capitalism, both by transforming land from a means of subsistence into a means to realize profit on commodity markets (primarily wool in the English case), and by creating the conditions for the modern labour market by transforming small peasant proprietors and serfs into agricultural wage-labourers, whose opportunities to exit the market declined as the common lands were enclosed.
The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of rapid scientific discovery, standardization, mass production, and industrialization from the late 19th century into the early 20th century.
<h3>What is an industrial revolution?</h3>
This is the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing.
<h3>Social causes of the second industrial revolution</h3>
- The widening of the gap between rich and poor. The consequence is that the wealthy factory owners bought machines which made them owners of means of production and employed workers who remained poor.
<h3>Political causes of the second industrial revolution</h3>
- The rise of the United States as a global economic power, the clash between traditional culture and modern progress, and the passage of labour-related legislation.
<h3>Economic causes of the second industrial revolution</h3>
- Natural resources, abundant labour supply, strong government policy, new sources of power, railroads and American inventors and inventions.
Hence, the general consequences of these causes are the rapid advances in the creation of steel, chemicals and electricity that helped fuel production, including mass-produced consumer goods and weapons.
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Answer:
Dona was known as La Malinche. She was a Nahua woman from the Mexican Gulf Coast, who played a key role in the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, acting as an interpreter, advisor, and intermediary for the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés.
