Stimulus causes an action or response, like the ringing of your alarm clock if you didn't sleep through it. Stimulus is a word often used in biology — something that causes a reaction in an organ or cell, for example. ... For more than one stimulus, use stimuli, not stimuluses.
The body's nonspecific defiance against invading pathogens is known as innate immunity and includes the following:
mechanical barriers and surface secretions
1. The intact skin and mucous membranes of the body. These provide a high degree of protection against pathogens.
2. The sebaceous secretions and sweat of the skin contain bactericidal and fungicidal fatty acids that can kill bacteria and fungi.
3. Normal bacterial flora of the skin may produce various antimicrobial substances such as bacteriocines and acids.
Humoral defence mechanisms
1. Lysozyme. This is an enzyme found in most tissue fluids apart from cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and sweat. It can kill bacteria.
2. Interferon. Inhibits viruses from replicating
3. Complement. This is a heat labile serum that can destroy gram-negative bacteria.
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❖ During the g2 phase, growth and final preparation for mitosis occurs.
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Monoclonal antibodies are made by the fusion of cells of the immune system with B lymphocytes and myeloma cells.
<h3>What is Hybridoma technology?</h3>
- It is one of the best technologies that is used to produce the monoclonal antibody.
- In this hybridoma technology the B lymphocytes that are antibody producing are isolated from a source after the immunization with a specific antigen and then are fused with myeloma cell line to form hybrid cells that are also called as hybridoma cell lines.
- The hybridoma cell lines are then cultured in the laboratory with specific antigen and then the monoclonal antibodies are produced.
- This can be done in in-vivo or in-vitro condition.
- This method is preferred over all because the production of antibodies by this method is good as the antibodies produced are of high purity and highly sensitive and specific.
- These cell lines can also be preserved for a long time.
- Hybridoma technology has resulted in production of different varieties of monoclonal antibodies with specificity with specific antigens as the monoclonal antibodies are produced by single parental B cells.
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Answer:
The correct answer is option a. "Plasmodial slime mold".
Explanation:
Plasmodial slime molds, are comprised of a single "supercell" with thousands or millions of nuclei within it. These organisms are formed by the fusion of multiple flagellated cells. The formation of these single celled organisms depend on the presence of enough food source. Typically, plasmodial slime molds have a diameter of 3 to 4 centimeters, but they can growth up to 30 centimeters.
