Spain and England built colonial empires starting in the 16th century.
<u>Objectives and motives: </u>
- Both nations wanted to seek new trading routes with the far East. This would provide luxury goods like silk and spices, and precious metals (gold and silver).
- In the case of the Spanish crown, Evangelization, and the spread of Catholicism was an important motif for exploring and colonizing.
- Spanish colonists seek for a better life, the possibilities of having land, and a title. English colonists also seek for a better life with better economic opportunities. Also, many of them were persecuted for their religion in England (puritans or Catholics) and wanted to practice it freely in the new lands.
<u>Economies:</u>
- Spanish colonies were dedicated to agriculture, mining, and trade. All of the raw materials were sent to Spain, which had a monopoly over trade with America. This caused a constant lack of products and smuggling as a usual practice among colonies.
- English colonies in America were dedicated to agriculture too, and could only trade with Great Britain. Raw materials like cotton and tobacco were sent to England, where they were manufactured and sold back in America.
<u>Relations with </u><u>Africans</u><u> and </u><u>Indians:</u>
- Spanish had a close relationship with Indians. The desire of educating and evangelizing them gave forward to constant contact and exchange. In many cases, marriages took place between Europeans and Indians. The culture was mixed.
- Indians also served as a free labor force. They were considered minor subjects of the Spanish crown that had to be protected. In many cases, they were mistreated and abused.
- English colonists did not mix with Indians. The close intercultural exchange did not take place. Some hostile tribes were seen as enemies and annihilated. Others, with a peaceful attitude, coexisted as neighbors to the colonists.
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- In both cases, Africans were a slave labor force.
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Answer:
D) Because it aligned the governments of the 13 colonies
Explanation:
A confederation is a loosely allied system of governments.
That eliminates A) because checks and balances have nothing to do with confederations
It also eliminates B) because it did the exact opposite.
C) is a better description of the concept of federalism, in which government power is separated and layered.
Globalization, economic crises, political instability, conflicts, wars, ethnic cleanings, social inequality, market economy, discrimination, and the wider processes of transformation, especially in the last ten years were and still are the main reasons for an even bigger wave of migration. Having such a suitable ground, trafficking in human beings became an important " player " in the world of suffering, money and crime. The theory of push and pull factors makes a synthesis of conditions that exist into the two " worlds " – the poor and rich countries. The push and pull factors are the faces of a same coin, showing how living conditions, human rights, society and many other parts of the mosaic can influence common lives. Knowing these factors and their influence on the process of trafficking in human beings is of a very big importance for future police and other instutions measures. In every part of criminal work, roots and factors are the starting point in finding " cure " for it. This paper aims to give a short, but useful view of this theory and to try to explain how modern slavery uses its benefits. INTRODUCTION From the moment of its creation, man was trying to impose his will over the will of others. Slaves have existed from always. Human history is filled with examples of countries that were founded on slavery, countries that believed that exploitation of slaves is not exploitation; they are inferior to others and deserve their situation. As Aristotle himself in his work "Politics" said "it is clear that some people are born as free, while others such as slaves, and that for the latter ones their condition of slavery, is justice and profit." 3 Carl Marx for the Transatlantic slavery, said that it was "the driving machinery of the Ancient World" and "the profit attained by the work of African slaves was the basis of the accumulation of capital needed for the beginning of the industrial revolution " , as noted Eric Williams. 4 Kevin Bales says that if we make a parallel between the slavery of the past and the present, modern slavery, the latter one is being characterized by very low cost of slaves, very high profits for traffickers, a short time relation between the slave and the trafficker, a large number of potential slaves and irrelevance of ethnic differences. 5 Attributes of modern slavery are: invisibility, mobility and the international criminal organizations. 6 Different theorists attribute different factors to the causes of trafficking depending on their theoretical approach to the issue of trafficking itself. A migration-based approach, for example, will focus on such issues as policies on migration and migrant labor, availability of work opportunities in various countries, globalization of the economy and development strategies. A criminal justice based approach focuses on legislation and its implementation, policing strategies, impediments to prosecution, and the involvement of organized crime. A human-rights based approach acknowledges the importance of criminal justice, but will situate the causes of trafficking in issues such as the abuse of power, corruption of authorities, discrimination, and state failure to protect civil, political, economic and social rights. Most feminist analyses encompass elements of all these approaches but situate inequalities of sex, race and class, and the power that this gives to some to abuse others, as central to any detailed analysis of the causes of trafficking.
