If you are reading this guide, you’ve probably already had a Pap test and may have been told by your health care provider (HCP) that your Pap test results were abnormal. Maybe you’re worried and wondering what this means and how it will affect you. However, knowing the possible reasons for abnormal results will help.
What is a Pap test?
A Pap test, also called a “Pap smear,” is part of a pelvic exam. The word “Pap” is short for Papanicolaou, which is the last name of the doctor who studied changes in cervical cells. A Pap test is usually done at age 21 unless you have special risks such as immune problems or HIV. It’s the only way to check the cells on your cervix for changes that can lead to cancer. Your HCP usually checks for STIs (sexually transmitted infections) such as chlamydia and gonorrhea at the same time.
How is a Pap test done?
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I have searched for more details online regarding the question:
John, who is a chronic alcoholic, is currently in Stage V of renal failure and has received a call that a donor match has been found for his kidney transplant. Based on the fact that John has destroyed his kidney due to his chronic <span>alcoholism, should he be eligible for a kidney transplant? Why or why not?
John needs a kidney transplant as chronic kidney disease only progresses and since he is in the end-stage renal disease, his current diseased kidneys will not do a great job in clearing nitrogenous wastes in the body eventually leading to uremia. As for eligibility is concerned, if John's chronic alcoholism is still active then he is not eligible for kidney transplantation. However, if John has abstained from alcohol intake for 6 months and above, then he is eligible for kidney transplant provided that he has no other contraindications such as active malignancy or severe cardiac failure.</span>
Protection used during sex so neither party is infected with such like an STD.
Answer:
Three different ways in which antiretroviral drugs can prevent the formation of new viruses are:
- Inhibiting the reverse transcriptase enzyme in both nucleoside analogues and non-nucleoside analogues.
- Enzymatic inhibition of integrase enzymes.
- Inhibiting entry by antagonizing CCR5 co-receptors.
Explanation:
Antiretroviral drugs are those used for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, making the effect of the virus on the host cell is less and preventing the development of AIDS.
This type of drug has been classified, according to their mechanism of action, being grouped into several families of drugs. Three different ways by which antiretroviral drugs can prevent the formation of virus are:
- <em><u>Inhibition of reverse transcriptase enzyme</u></em><em>: this enzyme is a DNA polymerase capable of forming single strand viral RNA by a process that is reverse to normal DNA to RNA transcription. Its inhibition prevents the formation of viral particles in the host cell. They are divided into nucleoside analogs and non-nucleoside analogs.</em>
- <em><u>Enzymatic Inhibition of Integrase enzymes</u></em><em>: this type of enzyme is contained in the virus, and is capable of causing a retrotranscribed DNA to integrate into the host cell's DNA so that viral replication occurs. Its inhibition prevents the replication process.</em>
- <em><u>Entry inhibitors or antagonists CCR5 co-receptors</u></em><em>: CCr5 is a membrane protein, found on the surface of CD4 T lymphocytes, which facilitates the entry of the virus into the cell. The drug acts as a competitive inhibitor of the viral particle, preventing the entry and infection of the host cell.</em>
The most effective treatments against HIV infection involve the use of two or more types of antiretroviral drugs.
