Question

Put the locations of origin, development, and action of lymphocytes in order

Answer 1

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cells which occurs in the lymphatic system. Lymphocytes function to boost the immune system and there are two types: B cells and T cells. The B cells produce antibodies while the T cells destroy the body cells that have been taken over by microbes or that have become cancerous. Each lymphocyte is divided into left and right part.
1.The left side: the stem cells produces the precursors for lymphocytes.
2. Upper right: Lymphocyte precursors are processed to become T cells.
3. Lower left: processing of lymphocyte precursors to become B cells.
4. Lower right: lymphocytes are located in the lymphatic organs.<span />

Answer 2

The stem cells give rise to lymphocytes in the bone marrow. Some lymphocytes in the bone marrow are developed into either B-lymphocytes or natural killer cells whereas some others migrate into the thymus and develop into T-lymphocytes.

Further Explanation:

The lymphocytes are the type of white blood cells (WBCs) which are important for the proper functioning of the immune system as they interact with the foreign antigen or infectious agents and destroy them. On maturation, the lymphocytes are circulated and concentrated in the lymphoid organs like tonsils, lymph nodes and spleen to initiate the immune response. The lymphocytes are B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and natural killer cells.

• B-lymphocytes: B-lymphocytes are bone marrow-derived cells and participate in humoral immunity involving antibodies. A group of proteins that specifically attaches to a foreign molecule or antigen is called an antibody. An antigen is a substance that might induce an immune response when it enters the body. On interaction with an antigen, the B-lymphocytes differentiate into antibody-producing cells or plasma cells and memory cells.  The plasma cells generate antibodies specific for the particular antigen.
• T- lymphocytes: The T-lymphocytes mature in the thymus and take part in cell-mediated immunity. They do not synthesize antibodies but secrete soluble factors that destroy pathogen affected cells. On interaction with the antigen, the T-cells differentiate into effectors cells and memory cells. The effector cells further divide into T-helper cells and T-cytotoxic cells. The helper cells proliferate and activate B-cells to produce a specific antibody against the microorganism. They also activate cytotoxic cells which directly destroy the infected cells. The memory cells in the case of both B and T cells store the memory of the antigen in the immune system. The second instance with the same antigen produces an increased immune response due to the activation of memory cells.
• Natural killer (NK) cells: The bone marrow again is responsible for production and maturation of these cells. They help in protecting the host against tumor or viral infection. The NK cells can distinguish normal cells from infected cells as they recognize the presence of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I on the surface of normal cells. Any cell that is devoid of MHC class I molecule on its surface would be recognized as foreign by NK cells. On activation, the NK cells secrete cytotoxic granules which lead to the destruction of the infected or altered cells.

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Answer Details:

Grade: High School

Subject: Biology

Chapter: Immunology

Keywords:

Lymphocytes, white blood cells, B-cells, T-cells, NK cells, immune system, humoral immunity, cell-mediated immunity, helper T-cells, cytotoxic T-cells, MHC class I molecule, antigen, antibody.