Answer:
Explanati1. International: struggle for hegemony and Empire outstrips the fiscal resources of the state
2. Political conflict: conflict between the Monarchy and the nobility over the “reform” of the tax system led to paralysis and bankruptcy.
3. The Enlightenment: impulse for reform intensifies political conflicts; reinforces traditional aristocratic constitutionalism, one variant of which was laid out in Montequieu’s Spirit of the Laws; introduces new notions of good government, the most radical being popular sovereignty, as in Rousseau’s Social Contract [1762]; the attack on the regime and privileged class by the Literary Underground of “Grub Street;” the broadening influence of public opinion.
4. Social antagonisms between two rising groups: the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie
5. Ineffective ruler: Louis XVI
6. Economic hardship, especially the agrarian crisis of 1788-89 generates popular discontent and disorders caused by food shortages.
Thriving cities of the Italian Renaissance included all of the following except Naples.
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Davinia.
The stock market crash caused the economy to fall into a depression. During this depression many people were unemployed and even homeless.
Like other nations born in anti-colonial revolutions, the United States faced the challenge of building a sound economy, preserving national independence, and creating a stable political system which provided a legitimate place for opposition. In 1790, it was not at all obvious that the Union would long survive.
At the time of the Boston Massacre, John Adams was a patriot grieving the loss of a child with a new baby on the way. The Boston Massacre, in which British redcoats killed five American civilians. Prisma/UIG/Getty Images. Adams defended the British officer Thomas Preston and his soldiers in two separate trials.