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oksano4ka [1.4K]
3 years ago
8

What is osmosis? (please explain the process and stuff in detail) :)))

Biology
1 answer:
Morgarella [4.7K]3 years ago
5 0
Osmosis is the diffusion of water in high to low concentration. It doesn’t use energy. It helps equal out the solute concentration.
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The CRISPR/Cas9 system can cleave genomic DNA at sequences other than the desired target, a phenomenon referred to as off target
Deffense [45]

Answer:

The minimum length of a sgRNA sequence to avoid off target cleavage by the CRISPR/Cas system in the fly fruit genome is 14 bases

Explanation:

We are trying to use the CRISPR/Cas system to cleavage the genome of the fruit fly (which is 1.4x10^8 bp long). Also we desire the cleavage to be unique. That means we need a target sequence long enough to be able to assume it will only appear once in the genome.

First, we should think that in every position, we can find one out of four different nucleotide (A, C, T, G). So, the probability of getting a sequence of a given length "n" will be (1/4)^n (We are assuming that the probability of finding a nucleotide in the position "i", it's independent of the nucleotide we find in any other position "j").

Also, to know how many times a sequence will appear in a genome (the expected value of occurrence), we must multiply the probability of that sequence to randomly occur by the length of the genome. For our specific example, the number of occurence of a sequence of length "n" is:

nºoccurence=[(1/4)^n]*1.4*10^8

But in this case, what we want is the expected number of times the sequence will appear to be 1, and we want to obtain the length of the target sequence (n).

Given the information above, we know that:

[(1/4)^n]*1.4*10^8 =1

[(1/4)^n]=(1/1.4*10^8)=1.4*10^-8

Then, if we want to calculate n, we can use logarithms and its properties to get:

log[(1/4)^n]=log[1.4*10^-8]

n*log[(1/4)]=log[1.4*10^-8]

n=log[1.4*10^-8]/log[(1/4)] => n=13.29 approximately.

As the sequence needs to have a natural number of elements, <u>we can conclude that using a target sequence of a minimum of 14 bases with the CRISPR/Cas system in the fly fruit genome should be enough to avoid off target cleavage.</u>

3 0
3 years ago
PLSSSS 30 POINTSS BRAINLEST
Ivenika [448]

Answer: The attachment listed some cell organelles,although there isn't a specific question on then but am going to be defining each of them and state their functions as well.

1. The Nucleus; The is command centre of the cell, it is made up of nuleolus, chromosomes, nucleoplasm,nuclear envelope and nuclear lamina.

it contains the genetic/hereditary materials that the cell is made up of.

The Nucleus plays a great role in the control of growth and development of the cell.

The nucleus also coordinates some of the the activities of the cell like cell division and protein synthesis.

2. Cytoplasm; The cytoplasm is one of the cell organelles,it is the liquid portion of the cell,it consists of cell contents between the plasma and the cell membrane. The fluid cytoplasmic material is where many cell organelles are found/suspended fluid. Most activities carried out by the cell occurs in the cytoplasm.

3. Endoplasmic Reticulum; The Endoplasmic Reticulum is one of the cell organelles that have the structure of a network of flattened sacs and tubules and play a crucial role in plant and animal cell. Rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum lacks attached ribosomes in them thus giving it the smooth appearance.

The Endoplasmic Reticulum functions in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in and out of the cell and also the production of lipids.

4. Golgi Body; One of the plant organelles that plays a role in the sorting and organizing the proteins produced and processed by the Endoplasmic Reticulum. these proteins are sorted and packed in vessicles to be used by the body.

5. Mitochondria; (a double membrane organelle). It is otherwise known as the powerhouse of the cell,it produce/generate energy in the form of ATP needed for cellular respiration. These energy produced is used for other cellular metabolic activities.

6. Lysosome (Animal) Chloroplast (Plant); Lysosomes are found in most animal cells, they function by digesting good and garbage,they contains acids that aids this function in the stomach of the cell and when the lysosome is diseased or explodes,the cell stops functioning.

The Chloroplast on the other hand is found in the cells of plants and algae,they play a crucial broke in photosynthesis by capturing the energy from the sun and turning the captured energy into usable forms like sugar,glucose and other organic molecules.

7. Cell Membrane; The cell membrane is the cell organelle that forms a boundary between the cell and the sorounding environment.

The cell membrane as well controls the movement of cellular materials in and out of the cell.

8. Nucleolus; The nucleolus is one of the cell organelles where ribosomes are made. The ribosomes are small grain-shaped organelles that make protein and they are found in the surface of rough Endoplasmic Reticulum. Nucleolus are small and round in structure and are found in the nucleus,

9. Vacoule (Plant Cells) Centrioles (Animal Cells); The vacoule is a storage chamber(reservoir) for wanted and unwanted materials in the cell, the vacoule is found within the cytoplasm and it is enclosed by a membrane that typically contains fluid.

The centrioles on the part of the animal cell is a cell organelle that has a structure of a two hollow cylinders,ring of microtubules next to each other(the centrosome).the centrioles are located just outside the nucleus of the cell.

Centrioles function by producing the mitotic spindles for cell division, and also assisting to pull chromosome pairs apart to opposite end of the cell during cell division.

10. Cell Wall; A protective semi permeable rigid outer layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

The cell wall houses the organelles of the plant cell.

The cell wall functions by giving the cell strength and structure,it's semi permeable nature filters and selectively allows certain materials in and out of the cell.

5 0
3 years ago
You observe a tiny structure under a microscope.what question would ask and then investigate to determine whether the structure
anygoal [31]

Answer:

The question to be asked an investigated when observing a structure under the microscope to determine whether it is living is if it has a nucleus if eukaryote or nucleoid if prokaryote.

Explanation:

The major organelle that must be present in all living cells is the nucleus or nucleoid and the protoplasm. The observation of the cell under the microscope will show the subcellular entity, nucleus/nucleoid, more pronounced than other organelles in the cell. The nucleus house the necessary information for the maintenance and reproduction, which is mainly the genetic information that dictates the translational protein products that are needed to build another aspect of the cells. Therefore, when such a tiny structure is placed under the light microscope under the view of oil immersion, the nucleus of the cell should be visible if it is a living structure.

5 0
2 years ago
What are some benefits that eukaryotes gain from having a membrane bound compartments within their cells?
Anna11 [10]
It provides them eukaryote cell its organization see m<span>embrane bound organelles allow for different chemical reactions to take place in the cell without their pathways interfering</span>
5 0
3 years ago
What is produced by cellular respiration?
VARVARA [1.3K]
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
4 0
3 years ago
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