White Southerners used several different techniques to deny blacks from getting justice during the era of Reconstruction.
For example, Southern state governments implement things like literacy tests. This made it mandatory for citizens to pass a reading test before voting. This kept thousands of blacks from voting as many of them never had the chance to attend school, leaving them without the ability to read. Other laws included ones like grandfather clauses. This stated that an individual could only vote in an election of their grandfather was able to vote. Again, before Reconstruction, African American men were not allowed to vote. This made it so that African Americans were denied their constitutionally protected right to vote.
Society's developmental journey is marked by three stages: physical, vital, and mental. These are not clear-cut stages, but overlap. All three are present in any society at time. One of them is predominant while the other two play subordinate roles.
