Causes. On the surface, the most apparent cause of the Enlightenment was the Thirty Years' War. This horribly destructive war, which lasted from 1618 to 1648, compelled German writers to pen harsh criticisms regarding the ideas of nationalism and warfare
A huge proponent of the Enlightenment, Montesquieu suggested the theory of the separation of powers in order to obtain a political system of checks and balances, promoting order and equality. Principles of the Enlightenment also featured heavily in the Bill of Rights and the Declaration of Independence
An eighteenth century intellectual movement whose three central concepts were the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress. Enlightenment thinkers believed they could help create better societies and better people
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hey..As I know it was November 9, 1989
Exams are required to qualify
Positions are not
Officials enjoy a life of comfort
Officials cannot live in home district
There multiple examples in which a growing power in the lower or middle class was a cause for concern and reform. The two most notable examples where the growing power was a major cause of revolt however, was the American and French Revolution.
The American Revolution has its roots within the French and Indian war (or Seven Year's war), which was a global conflict between France and England. The conflict existed on the frontier of the British colonies in America, and after the British won the war they began to heavily tax the colonists whom they spent resources to protect. By this time, there was already a growing middle class from New England through down to the southern colonies. These new taxation were done without consent nor representation for the colonists which greatly angered them as the taxes were already immensely expensive on daily items such as tea and stamps. The enlightenment thought was also influential, as new schools of thought challenged the position of the individual to the state and monarchy. Eventually, sentiment grew and the colonists fought for their freedom from heavy taxation and monarchy, winning it in 1783.
Similarly, the French revolution saw its beginnings in similar fashion to that of the American revolution. France just fought two major conflicts (French and Indian war, as well as siding with the colonists in the American Revolution). Economic hardships was heavily burdensome to the French lower and middle class who were constantly outvoted by the clergy and nobility in the French court, both who did not face as strong hardships as the middle and lower class. The french nobility and royalty grew strongly out of the touch with the middle class majority. Enlightened thought eventually lead the French middle class to revolt and ignite the French Revolution in challenge to the position of
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...“The father of modern economics supported a limited role for government. Mark Skousen writes in "The Making of Modern Economics", Adam Smith believed that, "Government should limit its activities to administer justice, enforcing private property rights, and defending the nation against aggression." The point is that the farther a government gets away from this limited role, the more that government strays from the ideal path... How this issue is handled will decide whether the country can more closely follow Adam Smith's prescription for growth and wealth creation or move farther away from it.”
Jacob Viner addressed the laissez-faire attribution to Adam Smith in 1928...
Here is a list of appropriate activities for government, which goes way, way beyond Mark Skousen’s extremely limited – and vague – 'ideal' government. That ... he goes on to attribute his ‘ideal’ list to Adam Smith ... is not alright.In fact, its downright deceitful, for which there is no excuse of ignorance (before attributing the limited ideal to Adam Smith we assume, as scholars must, that Skousen read Wealth Of Nations and noted what Smith actually identified as the appropriate roles of government in the mid-18th century).
