Enzymes are large molecules that speed up the chemical reactions inside cells. Each type of enzyme does on specific job. Enzymes are a type of protein, and like all proteins<span>, they are made from long chains of different </span>amino acids<span>.</span>
Chemosynthesis, I believe. Bacteria at the bottom of the ocean use this process for food.
Natural selection refers to the phenomenon by which the species in a population possessing the tendency to get adapted in a condition enhance in numbers in comparison to those who exhibit fewer adaptation capacities over a number of generations.
In other words, it can be stated as the non-random and differential development of distinct genotypes function to sustain favorable variant and to eradicate less favorable variants. Some of the conditions are required for the process of natural selection to take place.
These are heredity, reproduction, variation in individual characters, and variation in the fitness of organisms among the members of the population. If the conditions are met, then the phenomenon of natural selection occurs by default.
<h2>Differential test</h2>
Explanation:
A differential test helps to distinguish that which species lack or have the particular biochemical process,the three differential test media are:
1) Blood agar: Blood Agar is an enriched medium which is used to culture those bacteria or microbes that do not grow easily
- It is also required to detect and differentiate haemolytic bacteria, especially Streptococcus species
- It is also a differential media in allowing the detection of hemolysis (destroying the RBC) by cytolytic toxins secreted by some bacteria, such as certain strains of Bacillus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus and Staphylococcus
2) Eosin methylene blue agar (EMB): It is a selective and differential medium used to isolate fecal coliforms
- Eosin methylene blue are pH indicator dyes which combine to form a dark purple precipitate at low pH; they also serve to inhibit the growth of most Gram positive organisms
- Sucrose and lactose serve as fermentable carbohydrate sources which encourage the growth of fecal coliforms and provide a means of differentiating them
3) Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA): It is a selective and differential medium
- The high concentration of salt (7.5%) selects for members of the genus Staphylococcus, since they can tolerate high saline levels
- Organisms from other genera may grow, but they typically grow very weakly
Three examples of tests which are done on colonies are:
1) Catalase test: Catalase is an enzyme that breaks hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into H2O and O2
- Hydrogen peroxide is often used as a topical disinfectant in wounds, and the bubbling that is seen is due to the evolution of O2 gas
- A small amount of growth from the culture is placed onto a clean microscope slide
- Few drops of H2O2 onto the smear is added
- A positive result is the rapid evolution of O2 as evidenced by bubbling
- A negative result is no bubbles or only a few scattered bubbles
2) Indole test: The main requirement for a suitable indole test medium is that it contain
s a sufficient amount of tryptophan
- Tryptone broth is commonly used
- The tube of tryptone broth with a small amount of a pure culture is inoculated
- Incubation is done at 35°C (+/- 2°C) for 24 to 48 hours
- To test for indole production, 5 drops of Kovács reagent is directly added to the tube
- A positive indole test is indicated by the formation of a pink to red color in the reagent layer on top of the medium within seconds of adding the reagent
- If a culture is indole negative, the reagent layer will remain yellow or be slightly cloudy
3) Urease test: Urease is a constitutively expressed enzyme that hydrolyzes urea to carbon dioxide and ammonia
- The urease test identifies those organisms that are capable of hydrolyzing urea to produce ammonia and carbon dioxide
- Urease test media contain 2% urea and phenol red as a pH indicator
- An increase in pH due to the production of ammonia results in a color change from yellow (pH 6.8) to bright pink (pH 8.2)
- Urea broth is a highly buffered medium requiring large quantities of ammonia to raise the pH above 8.0 resulting in a color change
