Adhesion depends on binding between specific molecules on both the host and pathogen so that the pathogen can gain a stable foothold on host tissues.
<h3>What is adhesion?</h3>
In epidemiology, adhesion makes reference to the process in which pathogen and host interact during an infection.
The adhesion process is fundamental to reach the survival of the pathogen during a particular infection.
These pathogens can be any type of microorganism able to cause harm to the host (e.g., bacteria and fungi).
Learn more about the adhesion process here:
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Answer:
3. An even number of chromosomes are required for synapsis during prophase I and proper pairing during metaphase
Explanation:
Mules are hybrids of a cross between a female horse and a male donkey. Horses contain 64 chromosomes while donkeys contain 63 chromosomes in their somatic cells respectively. This means that they each produce 32 and 31 chromosomes respectively during meiosis. A mule, hence, contains 32+31= 63 chromosomes in their somatic cells.
This chromosome number in mules are uneven for meiosis to occur because meiotic division requires that an even number of homologous chromosomes pair together in a process called SYNAPSIS during prophase I of meiosis I. This is impossible in a mule because of the uneven number of chromosomes in its cells.
Also, during metaphase of meiosis, the homologous chromosomes need to be properly aligned at the equator for separation to occur. This is also impossible in a mule considering the number of chromosomes that don't add up.
Due to this reason of unevenness in the number of chromosomes present in a mule, meiosis will not occur and if meiosis (gamete formation) does not occur, reproduction cannot take place. Therefore, the mule is a sterile species i.e. cannot produce offsprings via sexual reproduction.
Answer:
Mitosis results in two <u>diploid</u> daughter cells that have the same genetic makeup.
Meiosis results in four <u>haploid</u> cells that are all genetically different from each other.
(Pp)(Yy) —> PY, Py, pY, py
Organisms get the energy they need from food just like us humans do.