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In cellular biology, active transport is the movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient.
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I hope I helped
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Where my dear i don't know what you saying
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biotic and abiotic interactions
on gradpoint
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True
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Physical contamination are foreign objects such as hair, fingernails, broken glasses , jewelries etc that are mixed with food. Although, it is important for a food handler who realizes that he is sick such as having fever, jaundice,wound while working to report such to his supervisor or manager,who will then take necessary action and to avoid risk of contamination; yet not the only cause of physical food contamination.
Physical contamination does not necessarily have to occur until the food handler is sick. It could be as a result of carelessness or not paying attention enough by the food handler . Physical contamination might not at all times cause injury or illness to the customer, yet such could bring discomfort to a customer who notices foreign objects in his food while eating. To avoid risk of physical food contamination, it is important for food handlers to keep jewelries to a minimum, wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly, wear hear neatly tied back, throw out and replace cracked, chipped, or broken dishware, glassware and equipment amongst others.
The synthesis of ATP is based on energy conversion, via conformational changes of the subunits.
A proton gradient on either side of the membrane into which the ATP synthases are inserted is necessary for their operation, which implies that the synthesis of ATP can not be done independently of a membrane. Within the mitochondrial inner membrane, it is the respiratory chain that provides the pH gradient by injecting protons into the intermembrane space during the transfer of electrons from one complex to another. At the level of the thylakoid membrane, it is the photosynthetic chain that injects protons into the lumen.
