I think it might be called a phrase.
For the first one:
B.) Historical documents, eyewitness accounts, etc. that provide direct or firsthand evidence about an event, object, person, or work of art.
For the second one:
B.) Her mother stared at her (because "stared" sounds more threatening than "looked").
Hope this helps!
Richard gave me one of his extra-rotten weasel-eyed green-toothed grins.
Hope this helps!
The answer is
Passed directly through the foil undeflected
Most of them did anyway
I hope I helped