Nicotine on direct application in humans causes irritation and burning sensation in the mouth and throat, increased salivation, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea. Predominant immediate effects consist of increase in pulse rate and blood pressure. Nicotine also causes an increase in plasma free fatty acids, hyperglycemia, and an increase in the level of catecholamines in the blood. There is reduced coronary blood flow but an increased skeletal muscle blood flow. The increased rate of respiration causes hypothermia, a hypercoagulable state, decreases skin temperature, and increases the blood viscosity.
For amphetamine the immediate effects are quicker reaction times, feelings of energy/wakefulness, excitement, increased attentiveness and concentration, feelings of euphoria. Side effects of amphetamines can include heart palpitations, dry mouth, headache, hostility, nausea, cognitive impairment, severe anxiety, lack of appetite, teeth grinding, dizziness, increased heart rate, heart palpitations, rapid breathing rate, hypertension (high blood pressure), increased body temperature, erectile dysfunction, irregular heartbeat.
Cocaine causes a short-lived, intense high that is immediately followed by the opposite intense depression, edginess and a craving for more of the drug the side effects are Loss of appetite increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, contracted blood vessels increased rate of breathing, dilated pupils, disturbed sleep patterns, nausea, hyperstimulation, bizarre, erratic, sometimes violent behavior hallucinations, hyperexcitability, irritability, tactile hallucination that creates the illusion of bugs burrowing under the skin, intense euphoria, anxiety and paranoia, depression, intense drug craving, panic and psychosis, convulsions, seizures and sudden death from high doses (even one time)
Energy coupling is a process by which cells carry out thermodynamically unfavorable, endergonic (energy-requiring) reactions to other exergonic (reactions that liberate free energy) reactions.
Reactions which are endergonic do not occur spontaneously as they result in a decrease in entropy and a positive free energy change, ∆G.
Exergonic reactions occur spontaneously as they result in an increase in entropy and have a negative free energy change, ∆G.
For example, the active transport of ions against their concentration gradients in cells is a non-spontaneous endergonic process which is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP, an exergonic process in other for the reaction to proceed. ATP hydrolysis phosphorylates an amino acid side chain in the transport protein which then drives the forward process of transport of the ion.
Considering the above,
Option A: The hydrolysis of ATP is endergonic, and the active transport is exergonic is false because ATP hydrolysis is exergonic while active transport is endergonic.
Option B: This is an example of energy coupling is true.
Option C: Both ATP hydrolysis and active transport are spontaneous because they result in an increase in entropy of the system is false because only ATP hydrolysis is spontaneous
Option D: Neither ATP hydrolysis nor active transport is spontaneous is false because ATP hydrolysis is spontaneous.
Option E: ATP is acting as a transport protein to facilitate the movement of the ion across the plasma membrane is false because ATP is not a protein, rather it serves to activate the transport protein by phosphorylating it.
<u>Option-(A): </u>In an illustrated flowchart, the movement of carbon atoms through an aquatic food chain is indicated by arrows.
<u>Option-(C)-</u> An increase in the population of scavengers.
Explanation:
The ecological pyramid is comprised of different level of organisms as the energy flow occur through them in a more directed form inside the different spheres depending upon the medium for energy transmission across the given parameters or area. As, the arrow provides us with a more directed way for understanding the transmission of energy through different organisms and there respective levels inside the ecological pyramid.
While, the increase in the level of scavengers or the animals which consumes the left overs of other living beings is balanced with the addition of the secondary consumers to the aquatic ecosystem.As, it will provide equal chances and energy to the different beings inside the ecosystem.
it depends on Which nutrients the body lacks l.however,there are some general symptoms you might experience.they include l:pallor,fatigue, depression,weakness,trouble breathing,unusual food craving,hair loss, constipation,etc
The time difference between the occurrences of two peaks is the period of the wave. The time difference between two consecutive black dots marked also gives the period of the wave. Generally, symbol ‘T’ is used to denote period in physics. Unit of measuring period is seconds (s).
