Nicotine on direct application in humans causes irritation and burning sensation in the mouth and throat, increased salivation, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea. Predominant immediate effects consist of increase in pulse rate and blood pressure. Nicotine also causes an increase in plasma free fatty acids, hyperglycemia, and an increase in the level of catecholamines in the blood. There is reduced coronary blood flow but an increased skeletal muscle blood flow. The increased rate of respiration causes hypothermia, a hypercoagulable state, decreases skin temperature, and increases the blood viscosity.
For amphetamine the immediate effects are quicker reaction times, feelings of energy/wakefulness, excitement, increased attentiveness and concentration, feelings of euphoria. Side effects of amphetamines can include heart palpitations, dry mouth, headache, hostility, nausea, cognitive impairment, severe anxiety, lack of appetite, teeth grinding, dizziness, increased heart rate, heart palpitations, rapid breathing rate, hypertension (high blood pressure), increased body temperature, erectile dysfunction, irregular heartbeat.
Cocaine causes a short-lived, intense high that is immediately followed by the opposite intense depression, edginess and a craving for more of the drug the side effects are Loss of appetite increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, contracted blood vessels increased rate of breathing, dilated pupils, disturbed sleep patterns, nausea, hyperstimulation, bizarre, erratic, sometimes violent behavior hallucinations, hyperexcitability, irritability, tactile hallucination that creates the illusion of bugs burrowing under the skin, intense euphoria, anxiety and paranoia, depression, intense drug craving, panic and psychosis, convulsions, seizures and sudden death from high doses (even one time)
Thalidomide and l-dopa, shown below, are examples of pharmaceutical drugs that occur as enantiomers, or molecules that are mirror images of one another
Explanation;
-Enantiomers are chiral molecules that are mirror images of one another. Furthermore, the molecules are non-superimposable on one another. This means that the molecules cannot be placed on top of one another and give the same molecule. Chiral molecules with one or more stereocenters can be enantiomers.
Enantiomers have identical chemical and physical properties in an achiral environment. They rotate the direction of plane polarized light to equal, but opposite angles and interact with other chiral molecules differently.
Amniotic Egg - This type of egg does not require water. Organisms could lay their eggs on land they would not dehydrate. Lungs - got to be able to extract oxygen from their environment for cellular respiration.<span />
The biological factors other than lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus that influence hunger are; the blood sugar level-glucose, Hormones-Insulin must be present to extract glucose from blood and stimulates the storage of food, and set point. Additionally, we have environmental factors that influence hunger, these includes; taste, learned preferences, habits, stress and external food cues.
