Answer:
Hepato- and nephrotoxicity of fluoride have been demonstrated in animals, but few studies have examined potential effects in humans. This population-based study examines the relationship between chronic low-level fluoride exposure and kidney and liver function among United States (U.S.) adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate whether greater fluoride exposure is associated with altered kidney and liver parameters among U.S. youth.
This cross-sectional study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2016). We analyzed data from 1983 and 1742 adolescents who had plasma and water fluoride measures respectively and did not have kidney disease. Fluoride was measured in plasma and household tap water. Kidney parameters included estimated glomerular filtration rate (calculated by the original Schwartz formula), serum uric acid, and the urinary albumin to creatinine ratio. Liver parameters were assessed in serum and included alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and albumin. Survey-weighted linear regression examined relationships between fluoride exposure and kidney and liver parameters after covariate adjustment. A Holm-Bonferroni correction accounted for multiple comparisons.
The average age of adolescents was 15.4 years. Median water and plasma fluoride concentrations were 0.48 mg/L and 0.33 μmol/L respectively. A 1 μmol/L increase in plasma fluoride was associated with a 10.36 mL/min/1.73 m2 lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (95% CI: −17.50, −3.22; p = 0.05), a 0.29 mg/dL higher serum uric acid concentration (95% CI: 0.09, 0.50; p = 0.05), and a 1.29 mg/dL lower blood urea nitrogen concentration (95%CI: −1.87, −0.70; p < 0.001). A 1 mg/L increase in water fluoride was associated with a 0.93 mg/dL lower blood urea nitrogen concentration (95% CI: −1.44, −0.42; p = 0.007).
Fluoride exposure may contribute to complex changes in kidney and liver related parameters among U.S. adolescents. As the study is cross-sectional, reverse causality cannot be ruled out; therefore, altered kidney and/or liver function may impact bodily fluoride absorption and metabolic processes.
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rate brainiest
Have six months of this week I have a really busy busy time and I’m not gonna I’m going back home I have a really busy busy time and I’m not going back home to work I have to work on a week or so then I will be back at my appointment and I’ll be there at six
Answer:
C Phloem transports glucose to the plant, and stomata release oxygen
Explanation:
A Stomata take in water,sunlight, and carbon dioxide and release oxygen - this is false, the stomata are for gas exchange (taking in carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen). They do not take in water and sunlight
B Phloem transports water, stomata take in carbon dioxide, and chlorophyll absorbs sunlight - this is false, while it is true that stomata take in carbon dioxide, and chlorophyll absorbs sunlight. phloem does not transport water, that is the xylem.
C Phloem transports glucose to the plant, and stomata release oxygen - this is true. Stomata takes in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen, and phloem transport the products of photosynthesis throughout the plant
D Xylem takes in water, sunlight and carbon dioxide and releases oxygen - this is false. Xylem does take in water, but not sunlight, carbon dioxide or oxygen
Due to photosynthesis, plants convert Sunlight and Carbon Dioxide into Oxygen. All living things breathe in this gas (Oxygen).
