Answer: Externalities are side effects (good or bad) that occur when a person or a company performs an activity and does not assume all the costs of it, or all the benefits that could be reported. In this way we can distinguish:
Negative externality: Arises when not all the costs of a negative effects are assumed. In these cases, a social cost is generated, since it is the whole society that suffers the consequences of its actions. And the market price does not collect this cost.
Positive externality: Arises from a positive effect that is not reported as a benefit. An example of positive externality that we can mention is scientific research, from which society in general benefits. In these cases, market place do not reflect the real benefits.
Answer:
The answer that best fits into this sentence would be "denied the opportunity to obtain"
Explanation:
This is because Melvin Tumin was a firm believer on social stratification. This is a system that classifies people into different groups that depend on their wealth, income, social status and derived power. This makes it extremely difficult for underprivileged kids to achieve their dreams of becoming successful in a certain profession because in order to get to that level they need certain resources and contacts that are only available to higher class groups.
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To shortly answer your question, an ethic community is a community of people who relate to each other in terms of culture, traditions, and overall ethnicities. An example of an ethnic community (I am speaking on myself) would be Juneteenth. In no way do I mean offense, it is just a mere example. If you need better understanding, let me know and I will gladly assist you.
The answer is shaping. It is a conditioning model
used chiefly in the experimental analysis of behavior. The technique
used is disparity reinforcement of successive estimates. It was make known by
B. F. Skinner with pigeons and protracted to dolphins, dogs, humans and other
species.
