The executive department that deals most with foreign countries is the "State Department", which is headed by the Secretary of State--a position that is appointed by the President.
The industrial revolution increased the power and wealth of "factory owners" mostly, but this is a misleading question, since the revolution increased the wealth of practically everyone except the aristocracy.
Because proportional representation gives votes based on population and due to larger states tending to have a larger population they would get more votes.
