A membrane that lets only some things pass through it.
In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reaction takes place on the thylakoid membranes. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place.
The "light-independent" or dark reactions happen in the stroma of the chloroplasts. This is also known as the Calvin Cycle.
Quartz also has a hardness level of 7.5, so rubbing another mineral with a 7.5 hardness on it will not effect the quartz.
Answer:
A mechanical brake applies a friction force to convert the kinetic energy of the vehicle into thermal energy which then dissipates into the atmosphere. As with any system, the process of braking must follow the principle of conservation of energy.
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