The process that saw Western Europe going from a unified Roman Empire to independent nation-states was:
- Roman empire weakens and barbarians take hold of Roman lands.
- Barbarians establish numerous Kingdoms and nation-states.
- Monarchs share power with nobles in the feudalistic system.
- Black death weakens the power of nobles and increases that of monarchs.
- Monarchs consolidate power and establish true nation-states.
<h3>How did Europe's nation-states form?</h3>
After the Roman empire broke up as a result of several factors including the incursions of barbarians, several kingdoms were formed.
These kingdoms expanded and contracted under the reign of kings who shared power with nobles. Eventually, the monarchs gained the upper hand and established independent nation-states.
Find out more on the fall of the Roman empire at brainly.com/question/1276486.
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There are three main reasons why the Renaissance was kickstarted in Italy.
Geographical Location:
<span>The city-states of Italy were situated upon peninsulas and islands which made trade very easy. It was spurred by the Crusades and led to the growth of large city-states in northern Europe. This meant that northern Italy was quite urban as compared to the rest of Europe which was still rural. Cities served as platforms to exchange ideas and proved to be a facilitator for an intellectual revolution. When the bubonic plague hit in the 1300s, economic changes were brought about. Because of the decreased amount of laborers, survivors were in demand and could, therefore, demand higher wages. Merchants then began to pursue other interests (art) with fewer opportunities to expand. </span>
Greek & Roman Scholars:
<span>Scholars looked down upon the art and literature of the Middle Ages. They wanted to return to the learning of the Greeks and Romans. The artists and scholars of Italy drew inspiration from the ruins of Rome that surrounded them. The Western scholars also studied ancient Latin manuscripts that had been preserved in monasteries. Christian scholars in Constantinople also fled to Rome with Greek manuscripts when the Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453. </span>
Merchants and the Medici family:
<span>In each city-state, a wealthy merchant class developed. City-states such as Milan and Florence were quite small which meant more citizens could be involved in political life. Merchants did not inherit social rank like nobles did and had to use their wits and knowledge to succeed in business. They were extremely successful at politics too and as a result, successful merchants believed they deserved this power and wealth. They began to value individual achievement. With Florence in particular, the city-state had a republican form of government in the late 1200s. But during the beginnings of the Renaissance, Florence came to be under the rule of the powerful banking family - the Medici family. The family bank of Medici had offices throughout Italy and major cities of Europe. Cosimo de Medici was incredibly wealthy, not only as an Italian, but as a European. He won over Florence's government and influenced members of the ruling council by giving them loans. He served as the dictator for Florence for 30 years. After he died, his family continued to control Florence. The Medici family supported artists such as Michelangelo by sponsoring them. </span>
<span>All in all, Italy was had the economic and political power to allow new ideas to sprout and trade to spur, this igniting the Renaissance as a movement.</span>
Answer: In December 1979, in the midst of the Cold War, the Soviet 40th Army invaded Afghanistan to prop up the communist government of the Peoples Democratic party of Afghanistan ( PDPA ) against a growing insurgency. The Soviet Union feared the loss of its community proxy in Afghanistan.
Explanation: I may be in middle school, but I love researching stuff!
I think C is the answer as well it seems most logical lol
