<span>In 1892, passenger Homer Plessy refused to sit in a Jim Crow car. He was brought before Judge John H. Ferguson of the Criminal Court for New Orleans, who upheld the state law. The law was challenged in the Supreme Court on grounds that it conflicted with the 13th and 14th Amendments. ... Laws … requiring their separation …</span>
D. All of the above
The Guadalcanal campaign lasted for months and American troops fought through swampy marshes and took heavy casualties from the Japanese, as the Japanese were very unlike other troops, in which they did not know the art of surrendering, and was forced to fight to the death for the "Rising Sun". As there were swampy marshes on the island, tropical diseases was rampant, as well as troop movements were slowed to a crawl.
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Submarines (especially U-boats) played a important role in developing undersea operations as well as changing naval warfare. Gone are the days where all enemies can see each other eye to eye. The development of submarines especially in world war I allowed for submarines to stay longer, take the pressure of water better, and attack enemies better. Torpedoes also got an update that allowed them to shoot straighter, and smaller so that more can be loaded.
However, that is not too say, that u-boats are the only ones that benefited. In a way, ships and planes also developed. The development of Sonar allowed planes to spot submarines and bomb them, as well as for ships to drop depth charges or avoid submarines all together. Ships also were given disruptive camo-patterns that allowed them to have a higher chance of surviving even without weapons loaded on board.
While U-boats during World War I was fairly limited in what they were able to do, they paved the way to a whole new military branch, and changed the dynamics of war in the sea.
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The Thirteenth Amendment gave slaves their freedom, and the Fourteenth Amendment gave the right to citizenship, legal rights, and the right to vote.
The first info we have is 1619.