Answer:
change; over-estimates
Explanation:
Substitution bias refers to a tendency in which economic index numbers don't include information about the changes in consumer spending when they switch expensive products for cheaper ones or buy less units as prices change. This changes are not reflected in the market basket from which the CPI is built which can cause inflation rates to be over-estimated.
Answer:
A. average total cost is rising.
Explanation:
Whenever marginal cost is more than average cost it means it costs more to produce a unit now compared to the average cost of the previous units. Lets assume that a company produces 3 units of a good.
The first unit costs $1
The second unit costs $2
The third unit costs $3.
The average cost is (1+2+3)/3=2
Now if the marginal cost for producing a unit is more than the average cost for example if the marginal cost is 4, then this will mean that average total cost is rising. we can mathematically check this.
The first unit costs $1
The second unit costs $2
The third unit costs $3.
The fourth unit costs $4
Average cost= (1+2+3+4)/4=10/4=2.5
Here we see that the average cost increased from 2 to 2.5 because marginal cost was greater than average cost.
<span>U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics</span>
Answer:
The correct answer is letter "D": consumer surplus that is generated from the introduction of a new product.
Explanation:
Externalities are defined as the effects passed on third parties as a result of the actions of another individual or organization even if the third party has nothing to do with the operations of the individuals or entities. Externalities can be positive or negative.
The product-variety externality is an example of a positive externality. The product-variety externality takes place when a new product is introduced in the market generating a consumer surplus. Thus, end-users benefit from the variety of products available in the market even if that represents more competition for companies.
