Answer:
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Explanation:
Top-down effects imply control through predation, including fishery, while
bottom-up effects imply control through food abundance, often thought to be driven by climate or nutrient load.
<h3>What is Top down regulation ?</h3>
The top-down effect refers to a higher trophic level influences the community structure of a lower trophic level through predation.
<h3>What is Bottom up regulation ?</h3>
The bottom-up effect means that a lower trophic level in the biological network affects the community structure of higher trophic levels by means of resource restriction
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Answer: Antibiotics targets the synthesis of protein, nucleic acid, folate and cell wall.
1. Synthesis of protein; antibiotics binds to either 30s or 50s ribosomal subunits blocking the polypeptide from the exiting the tunnel thus inhibiting a full completion of protein expression or production.
2. Nucleic acid synthesis; Antibiotics also act by inhibiting genetic expression, DNA transcription and replication where DNA makes exact copies of itself, as well as RNA molecules preventing bacterial growth.
3. Cell wall synthesis; Inhibition of cell wall synthesis in microorganisms will prevent it from replication and growth.
4. Folate synthesis; Folic acid also known as vitamin B9 helps in DNA replication and cell division. Folate antagonists such as aminopterin kills bacteria by preventing folic acid production required for DNA replication.
