Similar to the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, each pyruvate molecule loses a carbon atom with the release of carbon dioxide. During the decomposition of pyruvate, electrons move to NAD + to produce NADH. It is used by cells to produce ATP.
- NADH: Three molecules are produced in the Kleb circuit
- FADH2: One molecule is produced in the Kleb circuit
- ATP or GTP: From each molecule of pyruvate during the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinic acid Two molecules of ATP are produced. The presence of the enzyme succinyl-CoA synthetase.
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<h2>Energy </h2>
Explanation:
Energy flows in only one direction through an ecosystem
- The Sun supports most of Earth's ecosystems
- Plants create chemical energy from abiotic factors that include solar energy and chemosynthesizing bacteria create usable chemical energy from unusable chemical energy
- The food energy created by producers is passed to consumers, scavengers, and decomposers
- Energy flows through an ecosystem in only one direction, it is passed from organisms at one trophic level or energy level to organisms in the next trophic level
- Most of the energy at a trophic level – about 90% – is used at that trophic level and organisms need it for growth, locomotion, heating themselves, and reproduction
- So animals at the second trophic level have only about 10% as much energy available to them as do organisms at the first trophic level
- Animals at the third level have only 10% as much available to them as those at the second level
Proteostasis is mediated by chaperone proteins and protease systems, together with cellular clearance mechanisms such as autophagy and lysosomal degradation.
Chaperone proteins control assembly and inaccurate folding by binding to and stabilizing partly or completely unfolded protein polypeptides till the polypeptide chain is completely synthesized. Chaperone proteins also confirm the stability of unfolded polypeptide chains as they are being translocated into the subcellular organelles.
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I am not exactly sure but I would gn with protein because DNA does not look like that is how the cell is so maybe protein or starch
