Answer:
4 ul Loading Buffer + 19.70 ul dH2O + 0.30 ul DNA Ladder
Load 12 ul on the gel.
Explanation:
DNA Ladder concentration = 1000 ug/ml
1000 ug DNA in 1 ml DNA Ladder solution → 150 ng DNA = 0.15 ug DNA in..... 0.00015 ml = 0.15 ul DNA Ladder solution
6x DNA Loading Buffer → it has to be diluted by an equal volume 6 times (1 ul LB + 1 ul distilled H2O)
An appropriate volume to load on an average agarose gel is 12 ul, so:
2 ul Loading Buffer + 9.85 ul dH2O + 0.15 ul DNA Ladder = 12 ul
But since 0.15 ul is a very small volume and mistakes could be made while measuring it, let's make double:
4 ul Loading Buffer + 19.70 ul dH2O + 0.30 ul DNA Ladder = 24 ul
And load half of that solution (12 ul) on the gel.
The indigestible carbohydrates that
are found in plant cell walls are called dietary fibers. Dietary fibers are
group of complex carbohydrates that is found mostly in vegetables, fruits and
legumes. They include beans, whole grains such as wheat, nuts etc. Dietary
fibers cannot be digested in mammals because the body lacks digestive enzyme that
is required to break them down.
A macromolecule is a very large molecule, such as protein, commonly created by polymerization of smaller subunits (monomers). They are typically composed of thousands of atoms or more. The most common macromolecules in biochemistry are biopolymers and large non-polymeric molecules. :D
Answer:
Explanation:
The transformation of a zygote into an embryo adheres both to nature and to nurture: not only genetics but also environment determines the outcome. This idea has assumed many forms. A territory in the early sea urchin blastula contains clones of founder cells, and each clone contributes exclusively to one territory (Cameron & Davidson, 1991). Both the lineage of a founder cell, i.e. its nature, and the position of a founder cell, which determines how it is nurtured, contribute to its fate. Fertilisation, the topic of the first Forum, fixes the genes; interblastomere communication, the topic here, regulates gene expression. Blastomeres communicate like any other cell – via ligand-receptor interactions and through gap junctions. Saxe and DeHaan review these mechanisms. The definition of ligands and receptors becomes broadened in this context, and cell adhesions as well as gap junctions enter into the story. In spite of these entanglements, it appears that nature uses the same sorts of mechanisms to get cells to specialise that she uses to keep them talking. Thus, neurons and glial cells signal to one another via glutamate receptors and gap junctions (Nedergaard, 1994). Likewise, we expect neurotransmitters (and neurotransmitter transporters) to help signal differentiation. The biophysicist may ask whether electrical properties also play a role, but that we reserve for another Forum. If gap junctions figure in development as fusion pores that pass small molecules and electrical signals between blastomeres, another parallel suggests itself. Brian Dale asked in the first Forum: How does a spermatozoon activate an oocyte? This question, which concerns gamete communication, has produced two schools of thought and remains controversial (Shilling et al., 1994). Do sperm activate oocytes via contact-mediated mechanisms or through fusionmediated mechanisms? Or do both mechanisms occur, as they appear to in development?
