Answer:
e. Insider trading.
Explanation:
Insider trading occurs when information is shared with some stockholders of the company and not with all of them.
According to the United States of America, Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC); Illegal Insider trading involves the "buying or selling of a security, in breach of a fiduciary duty or other relationship of trust and confidence, on the basis of material, non-public information about the security."
In the stock exchange market, any information that possibly could impact an investor's decision substantially to buy or sell the security is known as material information while informations that is not legally available to the public is non-public information.
A potential investor who has access to insider information would definitely have an advantage or unfair edge over other investors, who obviously don't have same privileges, and could potentially make unfair-large profits.
U.S SEC is very much concerned with maintaining a fair marketplace, thus requiring that all transactions be timely submitted electronically.
