Long-term potentiation (LTP) is considered a cellular correlate of learning and memory. The presence of G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K(+) (GIRK) channels near excitatory synapses on dendritic spines suggests their possible involvement in synaptic plasticity. However, whether activity-dependent regulation of channels affects excitatory synaptic plasticity is unknown. In a companion article we have reported activity-dependent regulation of GIRK channel density in cultured hippocampal neurons that requires activity oF receptors (NMDAR) and protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) and takes place within 15 min. In this study, we performed whole-cell recordings of cultured hippocampal neurons and found that NMDAR activation increases basal GIRK current and GIRK channel activation mediated by adenosine A(1) receptors, but not GABA(B) receptors. Given the similar involvement of NMDARs, adenosine receptors, and PP1 in depotentiation of LTP caused by low-frequency stimulation that immediately follows LTP-inducing high-frequency stimulation, we wondered whether NMDAR-induced increase in GIRK channel surface density and current may contribute to the molecular mechanisms underlying this specific depotentiation. Remarkably, GIRK2 null mutation or GIRK channel blockade abolishes depotentiation of LTP, demonstrating that GIRK channels are critical for depotentiation, one form of excitatory synaptic plasticity.
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Answer:
The moment magnitude scale is a scale that rates earthquakes by estimating the total energy released by an earthquake . Estimating the total amount of energy released, enables comparison of earthquakes more accurately.
This scale can be used to rate earthquakes of all sizes, near or far. The following statements describe the moment magnitude scale:
B. It collects data using a seismograph.
D. It estimates the total energy released from an earthquake.
E. It determines the amount of damage caused by an earthquake.
Explanation:
Moving faster will increase the kinetic energy
The Linnaean system added more stories onto hierarchy the of complicatedness that Aristotle developed.
The Linnaean system of type of taxonomy was developed by Swedish naturalist named Carolus Linnaeus in the mid 1700. He created a way to organize and name species. He based his type on physical traits of organisms and uses binomial nomenclature to identify organisms. The seven main level of classification are kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.
<h3>Why is the Linnaean system important?</h3>
The Linnaean system is critical because it led to the use of binomial nomenclature to recognize each species. Once the system was assumed, scientists could communicate without the use of deceiving common names. A human being became a partner of Homo sapiens, no matter what terminology a person spoke.
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