<span>The aim of Portugal in the Indian Ocean
was to ensure the monopoly of the </span>spice
trade<span>. Taking advantage of the rivalries that pitted
Hindus against Muslims, the Portuguese established several forts and trading
posts between 1500 and 1510. In </span>East
Africa<span>, small </span>Islamic<span> <span>states along
the coast of </span></span>Mozambique<span>, </span>Kilwa<span>, </span>Brava<span>, </span>Sofala<span> <span>and </span></span>Mombasa<span> <span>were
destroyed, or became either subjects or allies of Portugal.<span> </span></span></span>
Gerrymandering refers to the manipulation of district boundaries in order to establish a political advantage for a particular party or group. An example is the "packing" of a racial group, such as African Americans, into a single district in order to reduce their voting power in other districts.
Pork-barrel spending refers to the appropriation of government spending for localized projects in order to bring money to a representative's district. An example would be the federal construction of a highway between two small cities due to local lobbying.
Neither gerrymandering nor pork-barrel spending are fair systems of allocation, as they prioritize local preferences as opposed to the common goals of society.
