Answer and Explanation:
- The normal function of the CFTR protein is to transport Cl- ions as it works as a chlorine channel regulated by AMPc and by protein kinase K (PKA). CFTR is also a regulator for other ionic channels. The CFTR protein expresses in the luminal portion of the secretory and absorptive epithelial membranes and they have an important role in the secretion of electrolytes activated by AMPc and intracellular calcium. This protein constitutes the way out of Cl-from the lumen. Apart from its secretory function, CFTR protein also regulates the function of the electrolyte by inhibiting the epithelial Na+ channel activity in absorptive epithelial cells from the colon and aerial vias, and by activating the Na+ channel in sudoriparous conducts.
- Given that defects on the CFTR protein take to a defective regulation in the Na+ channel, the cystic fibrosis characterizes for alterations in electrolytes secretions and absorption. There are two important physiopathological mechanisms:
1) altered Cl- secretion in submucous glands,
2) increased Na+ absorption and consequent electrolytes hyperabsorption in the superficial epithelium.
Patients with cystic fibrosis are incapable of increasing their secretory transport. On the contrary, the increased epithelial Na+ conductance in apical membranes, the paracellular permeability to Cl- and elevated permeability to water, all together, do not allow a higher osmotic transepithelial gradient, which leads to a hyperabsorption in the patient epitheliums. The superficial liquid layer in the aerial vias decrease, mucous glands are not released from the mucus and the mucociliary clearance is strongly altered in aerial vias.
- The Lumacaftor (VX-809) is a drug directed to type II mutations. These mutations are present in an elevated number of patients with CF and include Phe508del that is the most frequent mutation. Ivacaftor (VX-770), is a drug directed to type III mutations in homozygote patients for Phe508del.
Given that lumacaftor helps the movement of Phe508del CFTR to the cell surface and the ivacaftor increases the opening time and the Cl- conductance through the epithelial cell, the treatment can be possible with a combination of the two drugs.
Another alternative compound is VX-661 that <u>is being studied</u>. Its efficiency is being evaluated by itself and together with ivacaftor.
Answer: The bubbles will form due to the liberation of oxygen gas and white spots will develop on the liver.
Explanation:
The liver is a vital organ, its function is to metabolize the toxins into less harmful metabolites, that are excreted out of the body.
The catalase is one of the enzymes that participate in the metabolic activities of the liver. In the given condition, when hydrogen peroxide and liver were combined. The catalase enzyme breaks down the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. In this reaction, the oxygen gas is liberated, in the form of bubbles and this reaction produces white colored foam which later leaves white spots on the liver.
Answer: Un ejemplo de ecosistema es un estanque. Todos los seres vivos del estanque (ranas, peces, bacterias, plantas acuáticas, etc.) se consideran factores bióticos. Los factores abióticos del ecosistema del estanque incluirían todos los factores no vivos (agua, luz, oxígeno disuelto, nitratos, etc.) que se encuentran en el estanque. Un bioma es una colección de ecosistemas diferentes que comparten condiciones climáticas similares. El noreste de Minnesota es un bioma de bosque de coníferas. En esta región del estado de Minnesota encontrará ecosistemas de estanques, bosques, ríos y arroyos, etc.
Yes it was. Since he believed in continental drift, he believed that the continents moved ever so slowly towards each other and away from each other. Therefore whenever the two continents collide due to continental drift they form mountain ranges.
