Answer:
an aerobic respiration is the type of respiration that uses oxygen to provide energy for the body
an anaerobic respiration is the type of respiration that does not use oxygen to provide energy for the body
to provide energy
carborn dioxide
glucose+oxygen =carbon dioxide +water +energy
The toll-like receptors do NOT directly lyse bound pathogens (Option C). These protein receptors play fundamental roles in the innate immune system.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are single-pass membrane-spanning protein receptors that play fundamental functions in the innate immune system.
TLRs are differentially expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (i.e., macrophages and dendritic cells) in order to recognize evolutionary conserved antigenic domains in different pathogenic microorganisms (e.g. bacteria).
TLRs initiate innate immune responses such as, for example, inflammatory responses, by identifying conserved pathogen-associated molecule patterns (PAMPs).
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Water levels would rise or fall, washing away existing beaches and threatening habitats of coastal animals or creating additional beach and lowering water levels, threatening the habitats of oceanic animals. Another is that water temperature may increase or decrease, harming aquatic life.
Recently, we found that across several C 4 grasses, leaf width (LW) correlated positively with g sw and negatively with iWUE. Here, using 48 field-grown genotypes of Sorghum bicolor, a C4 crop suited to dry and hot environments, we validated these correlations. Three times a day, we monitored leaf gas exchange and modeled leaf energy balance together with structural characteristics as possible iWUE predictors.
The underlying causes of variance in intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE = net photosynthesis/stomatal conductance for water vapors, gsw), particularly in C4 plants, are not well understood. Recently, we found that across many C4 grasses, leaf width (LW) associated negatively with iWUE and favorably with gsw. Here, using 48 field-grown genotypes of Sorghum bicolor, a C4 crop suited to hot and dry environments, we validated these correlations. Three times a day, we monitored leaf gas exchange and modeled leaf energy balance together with structural characteristics as possible iWUE predictors. LW associated favorably with gsw, interveinal distance of longitudinal veins, and the proportion of stomatal aperture relative to maximum while negatively with iWUE, stomatal density, and interveinal distance. Modeling of the energy balance revealed that broader leaves especially during noon when air temperatures approached 40°C, required to open their stomata more to produce a higher negative leaf-to-air temperature differential. These findings demonstrate the crucial part LW, which affects stomatal aperture and coordinates vein and stomatal characteristics, plays in forming iWUE. LW might therefore be used to forecast sorghum genotypes with greater iWUE.
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