The formal document, issued by the grand jury, which authorizes the government to proceed to trial against the defendant is called the indictment. It is an accusation that is formal and written officially for a person that has committed a serious crime.
ONe large one is that a ruler can not rise to power without a consensus of other people in the government and the public. A dictatorship is nearly impossible with a representative democracy.
The resources that were traded on the Trans-Saharan trade were salt, slaves, and religion. The West African countries were trading their gold for salt. The slaves were sent North and served as slaves or slave concubines. Islam was spread through the use of the Trans-Saharan trade route.
This passage is about the speech of President Jackson in Congress, where he defended the process of remorse of the Indians.
The use of the word "progessive" refers to the continuation of a process begun earlier, where the Indians were massacred and expelled from their territories to the detriment of the white man's civilization. The former president used that term as a way to slow down an attitude that today would be understood as barbarism, but one that is part of US history.