Answer:
D. The volume of the solvent used was less than 5 liters.
Explanation:
- We have the rule: the no. of moles before dilution equal the no. of moles after dilution.
<em>(MV) before dilution = (MV) after dilution.</em>
M before dilution = 10.0 M, V before dilution = V of stock = ??? L.
M after dilution = 1.0 M, V after dilution = 5.0 L.
<em>V before dilution = V of stock = (MV) after dilution/M before dilution</em> = (1.0 M)(5.0 L)/(10.0 M) = <em>0.5 L.</em>
∴ The volume of the stock used is 0.5 L.
The volume of the solvent used is 4.5 L.
<em>D. The volume of the solvent used was less than 5 liters.</em>
In the case of bodies with substantial atmospheres, such as Earth's atmosphere, the exosphere<span> is the uppermost layer, where the atmosphere thins out and merges with interplanetary space. It is located directly above the thermosphere.</span>
Answer:
The main competing reaction when a primary alkyl halide is treated with alcoholic potassium hydroxide is SN2 substitution.
Explanation:
The relative percentage of products of the reaction between an alkyl halide and alcoholic potassium hydroxide generally depends on the structure of the primary alkylhalide. The attacking nucleophile/base in this reaction is the alkoxide ion. Substitution by SN2 mechanism is a major competing reaction in the elimination reaction intended.
A more branched alkyl halide will yield an alkene product due to steric hindrance, similarly, a good nucleophile such as the alkoxide ion may favour SN2 substitution over the intended elimination (E2) reaction.
Both SN2 and E2 are concerted reaction mechanisms. They do not depend on the formation of a carbocation intermediate. Primary alkyl halides generally experience less steric hindrance in the transition state and do not form stable carbocations hence they cannot undergo E1 or SN1 reactions.
SN2 substitution cannot occur in a tertiary alkyl halides because the stability of tertiary carbocations favours the formation of a carbocation intermediate. The formation of this carbocation intermediate will lead to an SN1 or E1 mechanism. SN2 reactions is never observed for a tertiary alkyl halide due to steric crowding of the transition state. Also, with strong bases such as the alkoxide ion, elimination becomes the main reaction of tertiary alkyl halides.
Answer:
o Surface Type- Because the atmosphere is heated by the Earth's surface, the surface type plays an important role in the surface air temperature. o Elevation and Aspect- Higher altitude generally has colder temps b/c the air is less dense and there are fewer molecules to absorb incoming solar radiation.
The Earth's surface is actually what heats the air above it.
Explanation:
The energy from the sun is "short-wave", and as such air is transparent to it. The sunlight goes right through the air without heating it at all. This "short-wave" radiation is absorbed by the Earth which then heats up. The heated Earth then emits it's own radiation but it is in the infrared part of the spectrum or "long-wave" radiation. This heat is what warms the atmosphere.
