A karyotype is a picture in which the chromosomes of a cell
have been stained so that the banding patterns of the chromosomes appear. This
way it is possible to view abnormalities in the chromosomes. Disorders such as aneuploidy can be diagnosed by karyotype.
It can also help identify local abnormalities on chromosomes such as abnormalities
in chromosome length, and location of the
centromere.
1-<span>auxins in the lower sides of stems cause cell elongation that bends the stem upright
2-</span><span>thigmotropism.
3-</span><span>phototropic and gravitropic
4-</span><span>the production of anthocyanin and the breakdown of chlorophyll.
5-</span><span>exposing the plant to a brief period of light in the middle of the night</span>
In plants, photosynthesis, occurring in chloroplasts, is an anabolic (bond-building) process whereby CO2 and H2O combine with the use of light (photon) energy. This yields O2 and sugar (i.e. glucose). This occurs in 2 phases: light-dependent and dark (Calvin cycle) reactions, which both continually recycle ADP/ATP and NADP/NADPH.
The catabolic (bond-breaking) process in plants is cellular respiration, in which glucose is broken down with O2 by glycolysis (cytoplasm only) and mitochondrial reactions (Krebs cycle and E.T.C.) to yield CO2 and H2O. These reactions recycle ADP/ATP and NAD/NADH. The CO2 and water produced by cellular respiration feed into the photosynthetic processes, and in turn, the O2 and glucose resulting from photosynthesis supply the respiratory reactions.
