<u>Chloroplast:</u> "The organelle which act as the main location or spot for driving the process of photosynthesis inside plants and in the eukaryotic algae."
<u>Grana:</u> Inside the chloroplast's membrane there are certain coin like structures which are placed one over the other for driving the process of photosynthesis inside the plants and the eukaryotic algae. The coin like structure which makes up a single Grana inside the organelle are called as the thylakoids. As many thylakoids are assembled upon one another and forms a more systematic order to form a structure know as the grana.
<u>Granum: </u>When more then one grana are connected to each other
through the stroma thylakoids, acting as a bridge between the different structures. The thylakoids provides more surface or area for the light reactions to take place.
Empirical evidence is a type of knowledge obtained through sensory experience, that is, through the process of observation and experimentation. Empirical evidence is often used during the application of the scientific method to test a hypothesis. In the example in question, Peter Grant obtained empirical evidence about birds' biology to verify that his assumptions about their evolution were correct.
Simple Diffusion Across the Cell (Plasma) Membrane. The structure of the lipid bi-layer allows small, uncharged substances such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, and hydrophobic molecules such as lipids, to pass through the cell membrane, down their concentration gradient, by simple diffusion.
Answer: Bacterial cells can be genetically modified so that they have the gene for producing human insulin. As these modified bacteria grow, they produce human insulin.