Reactions that hydrolyze the phosphodiester bonds split the DNA molecule between the phosphate groups and the hydroxyl groups of the two sugar groups.
In DNA there is a covalent bond through a phosphate group that connects the hydroxyl group (OH) at the 5' position of the pentose sugar and the hydroxyl group at the 3' position of the pentose sugar of the next nucleotide. This covalent bond is called a phosphodiester bond because chemically the phosphate group is in the diester form.
In other words, the phosphodiester bond connects the sugar in one nucleotide to the sugar in the next nucleotide, so this bond simultaneously connects the two consecutive nucleotides to form a polynucleotide chain. If there is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of covalent bonds that combine nucleotides, what happens is that the phosphodiester link between deoxyribose sugars will break.
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Answer:
D. If all of the offspring are short-tailed, the unknown individual is the homozygous dominant genotype.
Explanation:
The short tail phenotype is completely dominant over the long tail phenotype. When a short tailed salamander with unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive long tailed salamander, the cross is called testcross. Lets assume that the allele "S" gives "short tail" phenotype while the allele "s" gives "long tail" phenotype.
If the "short tailed salamander" with unknown genotype is homozygous dominant (SS), the process of the testcross will express only dominant trait (cross 1). On the other hand, if the "short tailed salamander" with unknown genotype is heterozygous dominant (Ss), segregation of alleles during gamete formation would form two types of gametes (cross 2). The 50% progeny would express the "long tail" phenotype while rest 50% will express the "short tail" phenotype.
Answer:
In addition to accidents during spaceflights, 13 astronauts, test pilots, and other personnel have been killed during training and test flights.
Explanation: