1. an irregular verb - eat 2. used for writing school assignments - formal English 3. verbs that do not have direct objects - lie, sit, rise 4. a word used as a signal for cause and effect - therefore 5. verb endings used to form past tense of regular verbs: -ed or -d 6. verbs that need direct object - lay, set, raise 7. a word for happiness with one's situation in life - contentment 8. nominative case pronouns - she, we, they, you 9. verb endings used to make a verb agree with a third-person singular subject: -s or -es 10. objective case pronouns - her, us, them, you 11. used for writing a note to a friend - informal English