Answer: B. behavior, consequence
Explanation:
Operant conditioning is simply refered to as a learning method whereby for a behavior that is done by an individual, there is a rewards and punishments for behavior.
In operant conditioning, the concept of contingency is exemplified by an "if A, then B" relationship in which A and B, respectively, represent behavior, and consequence.
Answer:
Option D
Explanation:
Options for the question
A) The Y chromosome is slower to mature than the X chromosome.
B) Replication of the X chromosome occurs more often in males.
C) Male hormones cause the expression of X-linked traits.
D) Males only have one copy of the X chromosome
Given-
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive condition which means it will occur in male even if they have one diseased X gene. While females will have this disease only when they have two diseased X gene
Hence, in most of the cases women with only one diseased X chromosome act as carrier and show normal traits.
Let us assume X is normal gene and X' is the diseased gene then
Genotype of normal father will be - XY
Genotype of carrier mother will be - XX'
Now if these two mates, following offspring will be produced
XY * XX'
XX, XX', XY, X'Y
So the male with X'Y will have DMD
Hence, option D is correct
Although the documents mentioned in the question are not included, we can still explain the causes of the rise of nationalism during this period using other sources.
The idea of a "nation" is a modern creation. This idea is widely different to how people thought of themselves in premodern times. Prior to the development of nationalism, people thought of themselves as subjects or followers of a leader. They also identified themselves with their family or village, rather than a large community.
Nationalism only became possible after people began feeling a connection to those who shared their own language, culture and traditions, even when they had never met them before. Two important causes of this were the ideas of liberalism and the Romantic movement.
An important catalyst for this was the rise of liberalism. Liberal ideology encouraged the idea of representation of people in government. Therefore, people began to identify themselves with the government, and to think of themselves as a common people within a political unity. The permanence of people meant that the state did not equal the ruling dynasty. Instead, the king might change, but the nation prevailed.
Nationalism was also born out of Romanticism, which encouraged a romantic view of culture, traditions and common history. It also created a romantic view of land and nationhood. Because of this, there was an attempt to redraw borders to permanently match cultural and linguistic boundaries. Moreover, nationalism encouraged the idea of self-determination.
