Given what we know about rheumatoid arthritis, we can confirm that the nurse can determine that the teaching is effective when the client makes the statement that "<em>Rheumatoid arthri</em><em>tis includes </em><em>joint involvement </em><em>that is usually </em><em>symmetric </em><em>and </em><em>polyarticular</em>".
Arthritis is one of many diseases in the autoimmune category. An autoimmune disease is one in which the immune system of the patient attacks its own cells. <em><u>The reasons behind this remain unknown</u></em>. In the case of Rheumatoid arthritis, the attacks remain isolated to the joints. The immune system causes the joints to be unable to produce synovial liquid, which causes inflamation.
As stated by the patient, Rheumatoid arthritis includes joint involvement that is usually symmetric and polyarticular. What this means is that any diarthrodial joint can be affected by the condition and is usually collateral, meaning that <u>if the left hand is affected, the right hand often is as well.</u>
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Answer: Once blown clean, lightly wipe the lens with Kimwipes or another approved lens cloth.
Explanation: Another good cleaning tissue is Kodak Lens Tissue (available at photo stores) In lieu of a brush, you can use the paper. Roll the tissue into a tube and tear it in half, with the feathery torn ends together.
We do not see the world in black and white; neither do we see it as two-dimensional (2-D) or flat (just height and width, no depth). Let’s look at how color vision works and how we perceive three dimensions (height, width, and depth).
Color Vision
Normal-sighted individuals have three different types of cones that mediate color vision. Each of these cone types is maximally sensitive to a slightly different wavelength of light. According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, shown in Figure 1, all colors in the spectrum can be produced by combining red, green, and blue. The three types of cones are each receptive to one of the colors.
The trichromatic theory of color vision is not the only theory—another major theory of color vision is known as the opponent-process theory. According to this theory, color is coded in opponent pairs: black-white, yellow-blue, and green-red. The basic idea is that some cells of the visual system are excited by one of the opponent colors and inhibited by the other. So, a cell that was excited by wavelengths associated with green would be inhibited by wavelengths associated with red, and vice versa. One of the implications of opponent processing is that we do not experience greenish-reds or yellowish-blues as colors. Another implication is that this leads to the experience of negative afterimages. An afterimage describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus. For example, when you stare briefly at the sun and then look away from it, you may still perceive a spot of light although the stimulus (the sun) has been removed. When color is involved in the stimulus, the color pairings identified in the opponent-process theory lead to a negative afterimage. You can test this concept using the flag in Figure 2.
But these two theories—the trichromatic theory of color vision and the opponent-process theory—are not mutually exclusive. Research has shown that they just apply to different levels of the nervous system. For visual processing on the retina, trichromatic theory applies: the cones are responsive to three different wavelengths that represent red, blue, and green. But once the signal moves past the retina on its way to the brain, the cells respond in a way consistent with opponent-process theory (Land, 1959; Kaiser, 1997).
Depth Perception
Our ability to perceive spatial relationships in three-dimensional (3-D) space is known as depth perception. With depth perception, we can describe things as being in front, behind, above, below, or to the side of other things.
Our world is three-dimensional, so it makes sense that our mental representation of the world has three-dimensional properties. We use a variety of cues in a visual scene to establish our sense of depth. Some of these are binocular cues, which means that they rely on the use of both eyes. One example of a binocular depth cue is binocular disparity, the slightly different view of the world that each of our eyes receives.
A 3-D movie works on the same principle: the special glasses you wear allow the two slightly different images projected onto the screen to be seen separately by your left and your right eye.
Although we rely on binocular cues to experience depth in our 3-D world, we can also perceive depth in 2-D arrays. Think about all the paintings and photographs you have seen. Generally, you pick up on depth in these images even though the visual stimulus is 2-D. When we do this, we are relying on a number of monocular cues, or cues that require only one eye. If you think you can’t see depth with one eye, note that you don’t bump into things when using only one eye while walking—and, in fact, we have more monocular cues than binocular cues.
An example of a monocular cue would be what is known as linear perspective. Linear perspective refers to the fact that we perceive depth when we see two parallel lines that seem to converge in an image (Figure 3).
Vision is not an encapsulated system. It interacts with and depends on other sensory modalities. For example, when you move your head in one direction, your eyes reflexively move in the opposite direction to compensate, allowing you to maintain your gaze on the object that you are looking at. This reflex is called the vestibulo-ocular reflex. It is achieved by integrating information from both the visual and the vestibular system (which knows about body motion and position). You can experience this compensation quite simply.
Finally, vision is also often implicated in a blending-of-sensations phenomenon known as synesthesia.
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Following nursing ethics, the nurse should not allow the sponsor to review the record.
<h3>What ethics should the nurse follow?</h3>
- Ethics are moral rules that oversee how the individual or a organization will act or respond to a situation.
- Nursing ethics is the applied discipline that tends to the ethical principle of nursing practice.
- Moral qualities are fundamental for all medical services laborers. Ethical practice is an establishment for medical caretakers, who deal with moral issues day to day.
- There are four fundamental principles of ethics: autonomy, beneficence, justice, and non-maleficence.
- Every patient has the option to settle on their own choices in view of their own convictions and values (autonomy).
- Medical services laborers have an obligation to cease from abuse, limit hurt, and advance great towards patients (beneficence).
- All patients reserve a privilege to be dealt with fairly and similarly by others (justice).
- Patients reserve an option to no damage. Non-maleficence expects that attendants try not to hurt patients.
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